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Wilhelm Reich (March 24, 1897 - November 3, 1957) was
an Austrian psychologist trained
by Sigmund Freud.
He is known for three things:
- He tried to join Marxism and psychoanalysis in studies of fascism, producing a very popular
book, The Mass Psychology of Fascism.
- He claimed discovery of what he called orgone energy, which many scientists still dispute and call pseudoscience (as of
2004).
- The persecution of him and his theories by the Nazi Gestapo in Germany, and later the US government (which burned his
books) until his death in a US prison.
Reich's early career
Reich was born in Austria. Between 1914 and
1918 Reich serves in World War I during which he attains the rank of a lieutenant. After
four years in charge of a large infantry of troops he asked for a formal note of leave to further his education. He first
entered, Vienna
School of Law, and soon realized that this was not for him, so he converted to medical school. Reich barely squeaked by
college financially, but by tutoring other medical students he made it, frugally He lived on oatmeal and dry fruit for two years.
With all of this stress on his shoulders, Wilhelm was still able to pass his examinations in physics, chemistry, and biology with
honors.
In 1919, Reich organized and lead a seminar on sexology. Sigmund Freud became aware of Reich's work and
invited him to a meeting. Freud was one of the firsts to suggest workable cures for mental disorders, he also dealt with sexual
problems between parents and children. Reich liked Freud a lot, especially his up front and open personality. Reich soon became a
follower. Freud accepted him to his Viennese Psychoanalytic society. Here he analyzed patients with psychological problems. While
doing examinations, Reich met an eighteen-year-old patient named Annie whom he started to court. They got an apartment together
after Wilhelm graduated from the University of Vienna
medical school with his doctorate.
In 1922 Freud asked Reich to be his clinical assistant for his psychoanalytic clinic.
Shortly after, Reich and Annie had their first daughter, Eva. In 1926 his brother Robert died of tuberculosis.
Reich had been a member of the Austrian Socialist Party, but upon moving to Berlin in
1930, he joined the Communists. However, his views and theories on matters such as birth control and sex education conflicted
with those of orthodox Marxism, and Reich was expelled from the Communist party in
1933.
His theories also became increasingly unpalatable to the Freudians, and the International Psychological association expelled
him from membership in 1934. Freud did not agree with his scientific findings. His 1933 publication of The Mass Psychology of
Fascism categorised the fascists as sexually-repressed neurotics. The book was banned by the Nazis when they came to power:
Reich realised that he was in an extremely dangerous situation, and he hurriedly left Germany. He spent a couple of years in
Norway, before his eventual arrival in the USA in 1939.
Reich's development of his orgone theories
During Reich's exile in USA he claimed to have
done scientific study of orgone energy, where Freud's concept of the libido has been transformed into orgone, a form of universal power (an "energy field", which some say is
similar to qi - many scientists claim Reich made scientific mistakes, some even call it
pseudoscience). Orgone is an unproven form of energy first described by Reich in the late 1930s. Reich characterized
orgone as a type of primordial cosmic energy, blue in colour, which is omnipresent and responsible for such things
as:
- weather,
- the color of the sky,
- gravity,
- the formation of galaxies,
- and good orgasms (The sense of well-being felt after orgasm was supposed by Reich
to be due to the orgasm optimising the flow of orgone energy throughout the body.)
Reich even speculated that this energy might be used for propulsion of UFOs.
As a consequence of his theory, illness was primarily due to depletion or imbalance in the orgone energy of the body. Reich
devised devices known as orgone accumulators, which he claimed could concentrate and store orgone energy.
Published descriptions of orgone accumulators depict a box made of alternating layers of metal and non-metallic material, with
the metal on the interior. The outer, non metallic layer attracted orgone energy, and the metal inner layer trapped it and
reflected it within the box: multiple layers amplified the effect. The patient would sit within the accumulator, and absorb the
concentrated orgone energy. Reich also devised smaller, more portable accumulators of the same layered construction, for
application to parts of the body to promote healing.
For these reasons the Orgone is very important in Alternative Medicine and it is still used by alternative practitioners, still without scientific
recognition nor verification.
At one point Reich claimed the existence of a second form of energy, oranur or DOR (for
"deadly orgone radiation"). DOR seems to be the antithesis of orgone.
Reich designed orgone "guns" called cloudbusters to suck DOR from the sky. It has been claimed that they can
be used to manipulate the weather and to create rainstorms in a process called weather engineering. According to some
accounts, the government of Eritrea financed several such projects in the 1980s and 1990s in order to change the weather in the
region.
Reich's later years
His later years were spent in a fight with the U.S. government. According to his FBI
file:
- This German immigrant described himself as the Associate Professor of Medical Psychology, Director of the Orgone Institute,
President and research physician of the Wilhelm Reich Foundation, and discoverer of biological or life energy. A 1940 security
investigation was begun to determine the extent of Reich's communist commitments. In 1947, a security investigation concluded
that neither the Orgone Project nor any of its staff were engaged in subversive activities or were in violation of any statute
within the jurisdiction of the FBI.
However, although he had been cleared of any suspicion of politically subversive activities, his claims for the benefits of
orgone therapy - including the treatment of cancer, a field notoriously rife with quack treatments - led him into conflict with
the Food and Drug Administration, which
regarded the Institute as peddling an unproven and untested medical procedure. In 1954 the U.S. Attorney General filed a complaint seeking permanent injunction to prevent interstate shipment of
devices and literature put out by Dr. Reich's group. That same year, Dr. Reich was arrested for contempt of court for violation
of the Attorney General's injunction.
Fleeing persecution by the Gestapo to what he felt was persecution by the US authorities, he saw his trial as somewhat
political - in his mind more like Galileo Galilei on trial for heresy
or a modern political trial than a standard criminal trial. His defense was based thusly, and he was convicted. Some people think
if he had viewed his defense only from the position of getting off the charge, or getting a light sentence, he would have beaten
the case, or at least had a lighter sentence. He was arrested, imprisoned and died in jail. His scientific work was burned by the
US government.
Status of Reich's books
In his book, "The Function of the Orgasm", Reich argued that the "functional" orgasm causes an electrical
discharge from the body and a dynamic spasm of the nervous system that are necessary for optimum health. Without such functional
orgasms, the body becomes stiff and rigid and develops "body armor". Reich claimed that the masturbatory orgasm does not produce
the functional electrical discharge, and that conscious thought during the sexual act prevented the functional orgasm.
Reich's earlier books, in particular his book The Mass Psychology of Fascism, are regarded as somewhat scientifically
valuable. However, during his later career, Reich subsequently revised his older books to include the orgone concepts. As these
are generally regarded unscientific, scholars of psychology and sociology prefer to refer to earlier, German, editions of his works. Any attempts to reprint old editions of his
books are blocked by the foundation which owns the rights to Reich's works, which is why they are scarce and hard to find.
Part of the FDA's injunction against Reich's orgone accumulators included any documentation of the accumulators, as well as
withholding any of his existing books from publication until mention of orgone energy was expunged from them. This has caused
many to levy charges against the United States government of censorship of
Reich's ideas. Some well-known people such as Norman Mailer and William S. Burroughs underwent Reich's orgone therapy. In the late
1960s and early 1970s Reich's ideas enjoyed a
revival and most of his books were reprinted and read by the loosely defined "New
Left". As of 2003, the majority of the scientific community dismisses
Reich's claims as pseudoscientific. Many people view Reich's
theories as a system of magic.
The orgone accumulator and the cloudbusters are now mostly remembered for the songs of the same name by Hawkwind, Pop Will Eat Itself and Kate Bush.
Bibliography
By Reich
- Der triebhafte Charakter : eine psychoanalytische Studie zur Pathologie des Ich, 1925
- Die Funktion des Orgasmus : zur Psychopathologie und zur Soziologie des Geschlechtslebens, 1927
- Über den Ödipuskomplex : drei psychoanalytische Studien with Felix Boehm and Otto Fenichel, 1931
- Character analysis or in the original: Charakteranalyse : Technik und Grundlagen für studierende und
praktizierende Analytiker, 1933
- The Mass Psychology of Fascism - even the 1946 USA edition is regarded as
bogus in scientific contexts, what should be referred to is the German 1933 edition of Massenpsychologie des Faschismus :
zur Sexual Sexualökonomie der politischen Reaktion und zur proletarischen Sexualpolitik which was banned in Nazi Germany.
About Reich
- Fury on Earth
Myron Sharaf
- Reich for
Beginners David Zane Mairowitz
- Wilhelm
Reich in Hell Robert Anton Wilson
External links
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