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Warren McCulloch (November 16, 1899 - 1969) was an American neurophysiologist and cybernetician.
Warren Sturgis McCulloch was born in Orange, New Jersey and studied at Yale (philosophy and psychology) and Columbia (psychology). Receiving his MD in 1927 from the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York
he undertook a internship at Bellevue Hospital, New York before returning to academia in
1934.
He is remembered for his work with Dusser de Barenne (Yale) and later Walter Pitts
(Illinois) which provided the foundation for certain brain theories in a number of classic papers, including "A logical calculus
of the ideas immanent in nervous activity" (1943) and "How we know universals: the perception of visual and auditory forms"
(1947), both in the Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics. In the 1943 paper they demonstrated that a Turing machine program could be implementated in a finite network of
formal neurons, that the neuron was the base logic unit of the brain. In the
1947 paper they offered approaches to designing "nervous nets" to recognize visual inputs despite changes in orientation or
size.
From 1952 he worked at the MIT Research Laboratory of Electronics, working primarily on
neural network modelling. His team examined the visual system of the
frog in consideration of McCulloch's 1947 paper, discovering that the eye provides the
brain with information that is already, to a degree, organized and interpreted, instead of simply transmitting an image.
McCulloch also posited the concept of "poker chip" reticular formations as to how the brain deals with contradictory information in a democratic,
somatotopical neural
network.
He was a founder member of the American Society for Cybernetics and its first president from 1967-1968. He was a mentor to the
British operational research pioneer Stafford Beer.
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