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The Universal Postal Union (UPU) a international organization that coordinates postal policies between member nations, and hence
the world-wide postal system. Each member country agrees to the same set
of terms for conducting international postal duties.
Prior to the UPU, a country would have to have a separate postal treaty for each country that it wished to carry international
mail to or from. The United States called for an international postal
congress, which was held in 1863. This led Heinrich von Stephan, Prussian Minister for Posts, to found the Universal Postal Union, the oldest
international organization and was created in 1874, under the name "General Postal Union,"
as a result of the Treaty of
Berne signed on October 9, 1874. In
1878 the name was changed to "Universal Postal Union."
The UPU established that (1) there should be a more or less uniform flat rate to mail a letter anywhere in the world; (2)
postal authorities should give equal treatment to foreign and domestic mail; and (3) each country should retain all monies it
collected for international postage.
One of the most important results of the UPU has been that it is no longer necessary, as it often was previously, to have
stamps of any country through which one desired transit of one's letter or package, affixed to it; the UPU provides that stamps
of member nations are accepted for the whole international route.
In 1969 the UPU introduced a new system of payment , by which fees were payable between
countries on the difference in the total weight of mail between the respective countries. These fees were called terminal
dues.
As this affected the cost of the delivery of periodicals, the UPU devised a new "threshold" system, which was implemented in
1991. The system sets separate letter and periodical rates for countries which are sent at least 150 tons of mail to annually.
For countries with less mail, the original flat rate has been maintained. The United States has negotiated a separate terminal
dues formula with 13 European countries that included a rate per piece plus a rate per
kilogram, and has a similar arrangement with Canada.
The UPU also operates the system of International Reply Coupons.
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