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The United Mine Workers are a United States labor union that represents workers in mining. One of the groups in the forefront of the fight for collective bargaining in the early 20th century, the UMW
was founded in Columbus, Ohio on January 22, 1890 by the merger of two earlier groups, the Knights of Labor Trade Assembly No. 135 and the National Progressive Union
of Miners and Mine Laborers. It was modeled after the American Federation of Labor (AFL).
After passage of the National Recovery Act in 1933, organizers spread out throughout the United Staes to organize all coal miners.
Achievements
- An eight-hour work day in 1898, collective bargaining rights in 1933, and safety protections in 1969.
- In 1969, the UMWA connvinced the United States
Congress to enact the landmark Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act which provided compensation for
miners suffering from Black Lung Disease.
Famous UMWA leaders include John Mitchell, John L. Lewis,
and Mother Jones.
Violent Clashes
Its history is filled with violent clashes with industrial leaders, including:
- Lattimer Massacre -
September 10, 1897. 19 miners were
killed by police in Lattimer, Pennsylvania, during a march in support of unions.
- Ludlow Massacre - April
20, 1914. 20 people, including women and children, killed when police and hired guns
broke up a tent colony formed by families of miners who had been evicted from company-owned housing.
Further History
The Harlan County War
- In the summer of 1973, workers at the Duke Power-owned Eastover Coal Company's Brookside Mine and Prep Plant in Harlan County, Kentucky voted to join the union. Eastover
management refused to sign the contract and the union went on strike. Duke Power brought in replacement non-union workers
(scabs). The replacement workers would not respect the picket lines and violence ensued.
Hogg, the local judge was a coal operator himself and cosistently ruled for Eastover. He was accused of being paid off by the
company. During the final months of the strike the mine workers' wives and children began manning the picket lines. They were
arrested, hit by baseball bats, shot at and struck by cars. Three months after returning to work, UMWA's contract expired. On
November 12, 1974, 120,000 miners nationwide walked off the job. This strike was bloodless and a tenetive contract was achieved
three weeks later. This openned the mines and reactivated the railroad haulers in time for Christmas. These events are depicted
in the films Harlan County
War and Harlan County, USA.
The union's more recent history has sometimes been marked by internal strife and corruption, including the 1969 murder of
Joseph Yablonski, a
reform candidate who lost a race for union president against incumbent W.A. (Tony) Boyle. Boyle
was later convicted of ordering the murder.
Automation and a general decline in American unions have cut heavily into the UMW's membership since World War II. In 1998 the UMW had about
240,000 members, half the number it had in 1946. It represents about 42 percent of all employed miners. The UMW is most powerful
in West Virginia, as well as in Montana and other western states.
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