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The Selfish Gene is a controversial
book by Richard Dawkins published in 1976. The phrase "selfish gene" in the title of the book was coined by Dawkins as a provocative way
of expressing a particular point of view from which to look at the processes of evolution: that of imagining genes (rather than organisms or species) as the primary drivers and beneficiaries of the evolutionary process. More
precisely, an organism is expected to evolve to maximise its inclusive fitness--the number of copies of its genes passed on globally (rather than by a particular
individual).
Describing genes with the term "selfish" is not meant to imply that they have actual motives or will--only that their effects
can be described as if they do.
A crude analogy can be found in the old joke "A chicken is just an egg's way of making more eggs." Likewise, Dawkins describes
biological organisms as "vehicles" used by their genes for making more copies of those genes, regardless of the effect they might
have on individuals or species. Obviously, genes that tend to help the organisms they are in to survive and reproduce also help
themselves; so most of the time the gene and the organism share common goals. But there are exceptions: segregation
distortion genes, for example, that are detrimental to their host nonetheless propagate themselves at its expense. Likewise,
the existence of junk DNA that provides no benefit to its host, once a puzzle, can
be more easily explained.
Proponents argue that the central point of the idea, that the gene is the unit of selection, is a more accurate recasting of
evolution than Darwin's (who couldn't have explained natural selection in these terms because the basic mechanisms of genetics
weren't understood at the time). Critics argue that this view oversimplifies the relationship between genes and the organism.
Proponents argue that when looked at from the point of view of gene-selection, many biological phenomena that were difficult
to explain in terms of prior models of evolution become easier to understand and explain. In particular, phenomena such as
kin selection and eusociality, where organisms act against their individual interests (in the sense of health, safety or personal
reproduction) to help related organisms reproduce, can be explained as genes helping copies of themselves in other bodies to
replicate. In other words, genes act "selfishly" to increase the number of copies of themselves and for no other reason.
The idea is sometimes mistakenly believed to support genetic determinism. Dawkins is quick to point out that although we may be influenced by
our genes, we are not controlled by them. Even further from Dawkins's conception is the misunderstanding of the idea as
predicting (or even prescribing or justifying) that human behaviour must be "selfish" in some sense.
Bibliography
- The Selfish Gene, Richard Dawkins Oxford University Press, 1976; 2nd edition, December 1989,
hardcover, 352 pages, ISBN 0192177737;
April 1992, ISBN 019857519X; trade
paperback, September, 1990, 352 pages, ISBN 0192860925
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