Stoichiometry

In chemistry, stoichiometry is the study of the combination of elements in chemical reactions. The related term stoichiometric is often used in thermodynamics to refer to the "perfect mixture" of a fuel and air.

Stoichiometry rests upon the law of definite proportions (i.e., the law of constant composition) and the law of multiple proportions. In general chemical reactions will combine definite ratios of chemicals.

Stoichiometry is often used to balance chemical equations. For example, the two diatomic gases hydrogen and oxygen can combine to form a liquid, water, in an exothermic reaction, as described by Equation 1.

Equation 1 does not depict the proper stoichiometry of the reaction—that is, it does not reflect the relative proportions of the reactants and products.

Equation 2 does have proper stoichiometry and is therefore said to be a "balanced" equation, depicting the same number of atoms of each type on each side of the equation.

The term stoichiometry is also often used for the molar proportions of elements in stoichiometric compounds. For example, the stoichiometry of hydrogen and oxygen in H₂O is 2:1. In stoichiometric compounds, the molar proportions are whole numbers (that is what the law of multiple proportions is about).

Compounds for which the molar proportions are not whole numbers are called nonstoichiometric compounds. Such compounds can be produced by sputtering in a plasma. They are not in chemical equilibrium.

Solids that actually are a mixture of very small crystallites of compounds of different stoichiometry also have been loosely called nonstoichiometric compounds. This is incorrect and probably due to the difficulty in observing the very small crystallites. If a solid was misinterpreted as homogeneous, it was consequently misinterpreted as nonstoichiometric.

Petrol's stoichiometric mixture is 14.6:1, although engines are often run slightly on one side or the other of this perfect mix for a variety of reasons. Other common fuels include:

methanol, 6.4

ethanol, 9.0

MTBE, 11.7

ETBE, TAME, 12.1

Etymology

Stoichiometry (/stoi-kE-'a-m&-trE/) (from Greek stoicheion meaning element or principle, and metron measure). The Stoichiometria of Nicephorus gave line counts of the canonical books of the New Testament and some of the Apocrypha.