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A thermal neutron is a free neutron with a kinetic energy level of less than 0.025 eV (approx. 4.0e-21 J). They are named 'thermal' as this level of
kinetic energy is similar to the average kinetic energy of a room-temperature
gas.
Thermal neutrons have a much larger effective cross-section than fast
neutrons, and can therefore be absorbed more easily by any atomic
nuclei that they collide with, creating a heavier - and often unstable - isotope of the element as a result.
Many fission reactors use a neutron moderator to slow down, or thermalize the neutrons that are emitted by nuclear fission so that they are more easily captured, causing further
fission. Others, called fast breeder reactors, use fast neutrons
directly.
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