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Sir Matthew Hale (1609—1676), lord chief justice of England, was born on the 1st of November 1609 at Alderley in Gloucestershire, where his father, a retired barrister, had a small estate. His paternal grandfather
was a rich clothier of Wotton-under-Edge; on his mother’s side he was connected with the noble family of the Poyntzes of
Acton. Left an orphan when five years old, he was placed by his guardian under the care of the Puritan vicar of
Wotton-under-Edge, with whom he remained till he attained his sixteenth year, when he entered Magdalen Hall, Oxford. At Oxford,
Hale studied for several terms with a view to holy orders, but suddenly there came a change. The diligent student, at first
attracted by a company of strolling players, threw aside his studies, and plunged carelessly into gay society. He soon decided to
change his profession; and resolved to trail a pike as a soldier under the prince of Orange in the Low Countries. Before going
abroad, however, Hale found himself obliged to proceed to London in order to give instructions for his defence in a legal action
which threatened to deprive him of his patrimony. Flis leading counsel was the celebrated Serjeant Glanville (1586—1661),
who, perceiving in the acuteness and sagacity of his youthful client a peculiar fitness for the legal profession, succeeded, with
much difficulty, in inducing him to renounce his military for a legal career, and on the 8th of November 1629 Hale became a
member of the honourable society of Lincoln’s Inn.
He immediately resumed his habits of intense application. The rules which he laid down for himself, and which are still extant
in his handwriting, prescribe sixteen hours a day of close application, and prove, not only the great mental power, but also the
extraordinary physical strength he must have possessed, and for which indeed,’ during his residence at the university, he
had been remarkable. During the period allotted to his preliminary studies, he read over and over again all the yearbooks,
reports, and law treatises in print, and’ at the Tower of London and other antiquarian repositories examined and carefully
studied the records from the foundation of the English monarchy down to his own time. But Hale did not confine himself to law. He
dedicated some of his time to the study of pure mathematics, to investigations in physics and chemistry, and even to anatomy and
architecture; and this varied learning considerably enhanced the value of many of his judicial decisions.
Hale was called to the bar in 1637, and almost at once found himself in full practice. Though neither a fluent speaker nor
bold pleader, in a very few years he was at the head of his profession. He entered public life at perhaps the most critical
period of English history. Two parties were contending in the state, and their obstinacy could not fail to produce a most direful
collision. But amidst the confusion Hale steered a middle course, rising in reputation, and an object of solicitation from both
parties. Taking Pomponius Atticus as his political model, he was persuaded that a man, a lawyer and a judge could best serve his
country and benefit his countrymen by holding aloof from partisanship and its violent prejudices, which are so apt to distort and
confuse the judgment. But he is best vindicated from the charges of selfishness and cowardice by the thoughts and meditations
‘contained in his private diaries and papers, where the purity and honour of his motives are clearly seen. It has been
said, but without certainty, that Hale was engaged as counsel for the earl of Strafford; he certainly acted for Archbishop Laud,
Lord Maguire, Christopher Love, the duke of Hamilton and others. It is also said that he was ready to plead on the side of
Charles I. had that monarch submitted to the court. The parliament having gained the ascendancy, Hale signed the Solemn League and Covenant, and was a member of the
famous assembly of divines at Westminster in 1644; but although he would undoubtedly have
preferred a Presbyterian form of church government, he had no serious
objection to the system of modified Episcopacy, proposed by Usher. Consistently with his desire to remain neutral, Hale took the
engagement to the Commonwealth as he had done to the king, and in 1653, already serjeant, he became a judge in the court of
common pleas. Two years afterwards he sat in Cromwell’s parliament as one of the members for Gloucestershire. After the
death of the protector, however, he declined to act as a judge under Richard Cromwell, although he represented Oxford in
Richard’s parliament. At the Restoration in 1660 Hale was very graciously received by Charles II., and in the same year was
appointed chief baron of the exchequer, and accepted, with extreme reluctance, the honour of knighthood. After holding the office
of chief baron for eleven years he was raised to the higher dignity of lord chief justice, which he held till February 1676, when
his failing health compelled him to resign. He retired to his native Alderley, where he died on the 25th of December of the same
year. He was twice married and survived all his ten children save two.
As a judge Sir Matthew Hale discharged his duties with resolute independence and careful diligence. His sincere piety made him
the intimate friend of Isaac Barrow, Archbishop Tillotson, Bishop Wilkins and Bishop Stillingfleet, as well as of the
Nonconformist leader, Richard Baxter. He is chargeable, however, with the condemnation. and execution of two poor women tried
before him for witchcraft in 1664, a kind of judicial murder then falling under disuse. He is also reproached with having
hastened the execution of a soldier for whom he had reason to believe a pardon was preparing.
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