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Shamash or Sama, was the common Akkadian name
of the sun-god in Babylonia and Assyria, corresponding to Sumerian Utu.
The name signifies perhaps "servitor," and would thus point to a secondary position occupied at one time by this deity. Both
in early and in late inscriptions Sha-mash is designated as the "offspring of Nannar,"
i.e. of the moon-god, and since, in an enumeration of the pantheon, Sin
generally takes precedence of Shamash, it is in relationship, presumably, to the moon-god that the sun-god appears as the
dependent power. Such a supposition would accord with the prominence acquired by the moon in the calendar and in astrological
calculations, as well as with the fact that the moon-cult belongs to the nomadic and therefore earlier, stage of civilization,
whereas the sun-god rises to full importance only after the agricultural stage has been reached. The two chief centres of
sun-worship in Babylonia were Sippar, represented by the mounds at Abu Habba, and Larsa, represented by the modern Senkerah. At both places the chief sanctuary bore the name E-barra (or
E-babbara) "the shining house" – a direct allusion to the brilliancy of the sun-god. Of the two temples, that
at Sippara was the more famous, but temples to Shamash were erected in all large centres – such as Babylon, Ur, Nippur and Nineveh.
The attribute most commonly associated with Shamash is justice. Just as the sun disperses darkness, so Shamash brings wrong
and injustice to light. Hammurabi attributes to Shamash the inspiration that led
him to gather the existing laws and legal procedures into a code, and in the design accompanying the code the king represents
himself in an attitude of adoration before Shamash as the embodiment of the idea of justice. Several centuries before Hammurabi,
Ur-Engur of the Ur dynasty (c. 2600 BC) declared that he rendered decisions "according to the just laws of Shamash."
It was a logical consequence of this conception of the sun-god that he was regarded also as the one who released the sufferer
from the grasp of the demons. The sick man, therefore, appeals to Shamash as the god who can be depended upon to help those who
are suffering unjustly. This aspect of the sun-god is vividly brought out in the hymns addressed to him, which are, therefore,
among the finest productions in the entire realm of Babylonian literature. It is evident from the material at our disposal that
the Shamash cults at Sippar and Larsa so overshadowed local sun-deities elsewhere as to lead to an absorption of the minor
deities by the predominating one. In the systematized pantheon these minor sun-gods become attendants that do his service. Such
are Bunene, spoken of as his chariot driver,
whose consort is Atgi-makh, Kettu
("justice") and Mesharu ("right"), who are
introduced as servitors of Shamash. Other sun-deities, as Ninurta and Nergal, the patron deities of important centres, retained their independent existence as
certain phases of the sun, Ninib becoming the sun-god of the morning and of the spring time, and Nergal the sun-god of the noon
and of the summer solstice, while Shamash was viewed as the sun-god in general.
Together with Sin and Ishtar, Shamash forms a
second triad by the side of Anu, Enlil and Ea. The three powers, Sin, Shamash and Ishtar, symbolized the three great forces of nature, the sun,
the moon and the life-giving force of the earth. At times, instead of Ishtar, we find Adad,
the storm-god, associated with Sin and Shamash, and it may be that these two sets of triads represent the doctrines of two
different schools of theological thought in Babylonia which were subsequently harmonized by the recognition of a group consisting
of all four deities.
The consort of Shamash was known as A. She, however, is rarely mentioned in the inscriptions except in combination
with Shamash.
This entry was originally from the 1911 Encyclopędia Britannica.
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