Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution |
Amendment XVII (the Seventeenth Amendment) of the United States Constitution states:
The Senate of the United States shall be
composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The
electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State
legislatures. When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall
issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the legislature of any State may empower the executive
thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct. This
amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of
the Constitution.
History and Comment
The 17th Amendment, passed on April 8, 1913
and first in effect for the election of 1914, amends Article 1 Section 3 of the
Constitution to provide for the direct election of Senators by the people of a
state rather than their appointment by a state legislature.
A series of scandalous elections in the late 19th and early 20th century, as well as a growing disenchantment with political parties generally, led Progressives (a name they gave themselves) to call for the election on a state-wide basis of senators. The
misfortunes of unintended consequences gave the U.S. state-wide advertising campaigns and finally campaign finance reforms.
Before 1913, senators were seen (in the ideal) as representing the States to the Federal Union, and representatives were seen
as representing local blocs of the people. Though the reality may well have differed, the theory was quite different from what
the 17th amendment created - a local representative and a state-wide "representative at large."
The 17th Amendment is one of the "Progressive Amendments", which were all passed around the same time and with the support of
this political group. The other Progressive amendments were: the 16th
amendment (created the income tax); the 18th amendment (started Prohibition of alcoholic beverages); and
the 19th amendment (gave women
the right to vote).
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