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History -- Military
history -- War
The Second Punic War was fought between Carthage and Rome from 218 to 204 BC. It was the second of three major wars fought between the
Phoenician colony of Carthage, and the Roman Republic, then still
confined to the Italian Peninsula.
Background
After Carthage lost its holdings in Sicily to Rome in the First Punic War, Carthage moved to compensate for the loss by extending her
territory in Iberia (the ancient
Roman name for modern Spain and Portugal).
This was begun by Hamilcar Barca, and continued by his son-in-law
Hasdrubal and then his son Hannibal, meaning "Beloved of Baal". According to Roman tradition, Hannibal had sworn hatred to Rome, and he
certainly did not take a conciliatory attitude when the Romans berated him for crossing the river Iberus (Ebro), which Carthage was, by treaty, required to stay south of. Asked to hand Hannibal over, Carthage refused
and so Rome declared war on Carthage.
The War in Italia
Hannibal took a combined army of 40,000 North Africans and Iberians across southern France and crossed the Alps over the winter. His invasion of Italia (the
ancient Roman name for Italy) came as a surprise to the Romans, for he had constructed no
fleet, and it was believed his army could not possibly make it through the mountains. Indeed, it sustained very heavy casualties,
including all but one of his 37 war elephants. Nevertheless, that spring he
came into North Italia with a still-formidable force of 26,000 men. The Romans tried to attack him while he was still unready,
but he defeated them in a skirmish at the river Ticinus, and then again at the Battle of Trebia,
where both the Roman consuls were killed along with a quarter of their forces. The Romans then retreated, leaving Hannibal in
command of Northern Italia. His support from the Gallic tribes and Italian cities was not what he had hoped for, and many Roman
landholders burned their estates to prevent Hannibal's army from plundering them (indirectly later giving rise to the latifundia). Despite this resistance, Hannibal was able to strengthen his army to a
force of 50,000 men.
The next year the Romans elected Gaius Flaminius consul in hopes
that he could defeat Hannibal. Flaminius set up an ambush at Arretium. However,
Hannibal was warned of the attack and so by-passed the army, allowing him a free march on Rome. Flaminius had to pursue him but
was ambushed at the Battle of lake Trasimene and
utterly defeated. However Hannibal, despite the urgings of his generals, did not proceed to besiege Rome, as he lacked siege
equipment and he had no supply base in central Italia. Instead he proceeded to the non-Italian south in hopes of stirring up
rebellion.
Meanwhile the veteran Fabius Maximus had been appointed Roman dictator, and he decided that it would be best to avoid any further field
battles. Instead, Fabius tried to cut off Hannibal's supplies by devastating the countryside and harassing his army. Such
operations are now called Fabian tactics after him, and earned him the nickname of the Cunctator (delayer). Fabius'
tactics were hated at Rome, and the following year he was replaced by two consuls who promised to end the war quickly. These
consuls jointly fielded the largest Roman army ever, which met Hannibal at Cannae (216). The Romans outnumbered the Carthaginians 50,000 to
at most 40,000, but by allowing his center to retreat Hannibal was able to encircle their forces, and completely annihilated
them. It is said that less than a hundred Romans escaped.
The battle of Cannae led to some of the support Hannibal had hoped for. Over the next three years Capua, Syracuse, and Tarentum went over to his side. Philip V of
Macedonia also allied with Hannibal in 217
BC, starting the First Macedonian War against Rome.
However, Philip's fleet was not able to stand up to Rome's and he was never able to give any useful help. Meanwhile the Romans
had re-elected Fabius Maximus as dictator and returned to his delaying tactics, dividing their army into small forces at vital
locations, and avoiding Carthaginian attempts to draw them into field battles.
The War in Iberia
While all this was happening, the Romans had carried the war into Iberia. Over the years Rome had gradually expanded along the
coast until in 211 BC it captured Saguntum. This prevented Hasdrubal from sending his brother any aid and also diverted Carthaginian reinforcements
away from Italia. That same year Rome recaptured Capua and Syracuse, the second falling after what was now a two-year siege, made
famous by the defense engines made by Archimedes, who was killed in the sack of
the city. However, Hasdrubal was able to defeat the Romans in battle and the two Roman commanders, brothers named Publius and Gnaeus Scipio, were killed. Even so Hasdrubal did not feel confident enough to expel
the Roman army after his other losses.
Next year the Romans sent out Publius Scipio's son and namesake, the future Scipio Africanus Major (though only 25 years old) with the authority of a consul even though he had
not held any offices. Vowing to avenge his father and uncle, he proceeded directly to what was effectively the capital of Punic
Iberia, Carthago Nova. It fell in 209 BC, and Hasdrubal was deprived of his main port. He then decided to aid Hannibal in Italia. He abandoned Iberia
to some relatively weak garrisons and set out to repeat his brother's crossing of the Alps. It did not work. This time, the
Romans anticipated the Carthaginian army's arrival, and had two legions waiting for it when it arrived. Hasdrubal was defeated
and killed. The first news Hannibal received that Hasdrubal had left Iberia came when his head was flung into his encampment by a
Roman horseman.
The Carthaginian forces that remained in Iberia were defeated a few years later, at Ilipa (206),
and Iberia became a Roman province. In that time Rome had recovered Tarentum, and thanks to continual attrition and lack of
support Hannibal's army had been confined to the southernmost part of Italia. Macedonia had also withdrawn its support, feeling
that the Carthaginian defeat was now only a matter of time.
The Attack on Carthage
Scipio returned to Rome a great hero, and, although he was technically ineligible, ran and was elected consul in 205 BC. He resolved to end the war by attacking Carthage itself, and appealed directly to the
centurial assembly when he found the senate opposed this. Thus he was given command of the two legions in Sicily, plus 7,000
volunteers he had recruited, and the next year brought the war to North Africa when he landed at Utica, about twenty miles away from
Carthage. Here he was counting on support from the Numidians, who resented
Carthaginian control and so agreed to provide him with cavalry. Hannibal was recalled from Italia, and had to leave the Iberian
and Gallic contingents that made up about two-thirds of his army behind. After the loss of Capua he had begun to lose influence,
but he was still able to break off peace talks, and Scipio met him at Zama in 202 BC. The infantry were evenly matched, and neither side
was able to out-general the other. The issue was decided when the Numidian cavalry dispersed the Carthaginian horsemen and was
able to attack from Hannibal's rear. For this victory Scipio became known as Scipio Africanus. Carthage immediately sued for
peace.
Results
Iberia was lost to Carthage forever, and she was reduced to a client state. A war indemnity of 10,000 talents was imposed, her navy was limited to 10 ships to ward off
pirates, and she was forbidden from raising an army without Rome's permission. Numidia took the opportunity to capture and
plunder Carthaginian territory. Half a century later, when Carthage raised an army to defend itself from these incursions, it was
destroyed by Rome in the Third Punic War.
Hannibal was one of the few survivors of the battle of Zama and
escaped to the east, ending up at Antiochus' court in
Syria. Whilst residing there, Hannibal again met Scipio, who asked him who he believed to
be the greatest general of all time. Hannibal replied "Alexander the Greek". Scipio then asked him who was the second greatest
general of all time; "Myself" replied Hannibal. Scipio then asked what would have happened if Hannibal had beaten him at the
battle of Zama, to which he replied "Then I would be the greatest general of all time". Rome feared him until the day he died,
which was probably unwarranted, but together with Philip's attack on Italia resulted in great suspicion of the Hellenistic
kingdoms, leading to further wars and eventually their conquest.
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