- This article is about red dwarfs, the type of star. Red Dwarf is also the name of a British television series.
According to the Hertzsprung-Russell
diagram, a red dwarf star is a small and relatively cool
star, of the main sequence, either
late K or M spectral type. They compromise the vast majority of stars and
have a diameter and mass of less than one-third that of the Sun (down to 0.08 solar masses,
which are Brown dwarves) and a surface temperature of less than 3,500 K. They
emit little light, sometimes as little as 1/10,000th that of the sun. Due to the slow rate at which they burn hydrogen, red dwarves have an enormous estimated lifespan; estimates range from tens of
billions up to trillions of years. Red dwarves never initiate helium fusion and so cannot become red
giants; the stars slowly contract and heat up until all the hydrogen is consumed. In any event, there has not been sufficient
time since the big bang for red dwarfs to evolve off the main sequence.
The fact that red dwarfs remain on the main sequence while older stars have moved off the main sequence allows one to date
star clusters by finding the mass at which the stars turnoff the main sequence. In addition, the fact that no red dwarves off the main sequence have been observed is
evidence that the universe has a finite age.
One mystery which has not be solved as of 2004 is the lack of red dwarf stars with no metals (in astronomy a metal is any element other than hydrogen and helium). The big bang model predicts the first generation of stars should have only hydrogen, helium, and lithium. If such
stars included red dwarves, they should still be observable today, but are not. The conventional explanation is that without
heavy elements, low mass stars cannot form and the first stars were extremely high mass population III stars which died quickly and produced the metals necessary low mass stars to form
later.
Red dwarf stars are believed to be the most common star type in the universe. Proxima Centauri, the nearest star to the Sun is a red dwarf, (Type M5, magnitude 11.0) as are twenty of
the next thirty nearest.
See also
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