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A postage stamp is evidence of pre-paying a fee for postal
services. Usually a small paper rectangle which is attached to an envelope,
signifying that the person sending the letter or package has paid for delivery', it is the most popular alternative to using a
prepaid-postage envelope.
Stamps have been issued in other shapes, however: the circular stamps of New
Zealand, triangular and pentagonal, and Sierra Leone and Tonga have issued self-adhesive stamps in the shape of fruit, Bhutan has issued a
stamp with its national anthem on a playable record, etc. Stamps have also been made of material other than paper, commonly
[embossed] foil; Switzerland made a stamp partly out of lace, and the German Democratic
Republic once issued a stamp made entirely of synthetic chemicals.
History
The adhesive postage stamp and the uniform postage rate was devised by James Chalmers around 1834. The same ideas were published by Rowland
Hill, in Postal Reform: its Importance and Practibility in 1837. In it he
argued that it would be better for the sender to pay the cost of delivery, rather than the addressee who could refuse the letter
if they could not or did not want to pay, as sometimes happened at the time. He also argued for a uniform rate of one penny per
letter, no matter where its destination. Accounting costs for the government would thus be cut; postage would no longer be
charged according to how far a letter had travelled, which required each letter to have an individual entry in the Royal Mail's accounts. Chalmers' ideas were finally adopted by Parliament in August, 1839 and the General Post
Office launched the Penny Post service the next year in 1840 with two
prepaid-postage pictorial envelopes or wrappers : one valued at one penny and one valued at two pennies.
Three months later the first prepaid-postage stamp, known as the Penny
Black was issued with the profile of Queen Victoria printed on it.
Because the United Kingdom issued the first stamps, the Universal Postal Union (U.P.U.) grants it an exemption from its
rule that the identification of the issuing country must appear on a stamp in roman script for use in international mails. Before
joining the U.P.U. many countries did not do this (e. g. the "bullseye"
stamps of Brazil); there are very few violations of the rule since this time, though
one example is the U.S. Pilgrim Tercentenary series, on which the country designation was inadvertently excluded. Because of
this the numerous early issues of China and Japan
often confound new collectors unfamiliar with oriental scripts. A stamp must also show a face value in the issuing country's
currency. Some countries have issued stamps with a letter of the alphabet or designation such as "First Class" for a face value. Because of
the U.P.U. rules their use is restricted to domestic mail, but breach of this rule is often tolerated. (Exceptions to this are
the British "E" stamp (intended to pay the rate for mailing letters to Europe) and the
South African "International Letter Rate" stamp.)
Dispensing
Since their inception there have been numerous innovative developments in how stamps have been dispensed and sold. Recently
one has been able to print up postage stamps from one's personal computer. In 2002 the
United States Postal Service licensed Stamps.com to issue NetStamps, postage that can be printed up on
special labels and, unlike previous postage the USPS licensed individuals to print up on their computers, these stamps can be
used on any date, not just the date one prints them up. (There are other types of computer-vended
postage as well.)
For instance, ATM stamps have been sold at automatic
teller machines (ATMs), although the may be sold via stamp catalogues of the postal service or possibly at philatelic
windows. They must be the same size and thickness as currency in order to be dispensed by the ATM.
Types of stamps
- Airmail - for payment of airmail service. While the word or words "airmail" or equivalent is usually printed on the stamp, Scott (the dominant U.S. cataloguing firm) has recognised as airmail stamps some U.S. stamps issued in
denominations good for then-current international airmail rates, and showing the silhouette of an airplane. The other three major catalogs do not give any special status to airmail stamps.
- ATM -
- stamps dispensed by automatic teller machines (ATMs)
- Automatenmarken, stamps
issued in the denomination of the customer's choice by a kind of machine (similar to computer-vended postage) are also referred
to by the acronymn ATM, which has created some confusion.
- carrier's stamp
- certified mail stamp
- commemorative stamp - a limited run of stamp designed to
commemorate a particular event
- definitive - stamps issued mainly for the everyday payment of postage. They
often have less appealing designs than commemoratives. The same design may be used for many years. Definitive stamps are often
the same basic size. The use of the same design over an extended period of time often leads to many unintended varieties. This
makes them far more interesting to philatelists than commemoratives.
- express mail stamp / special delivery stamp
- late fee stamp - issued
to show payment of a fee to allow inclusion of a letter or package in the outgoing dispatch although it has been turned in after
the cut-off time
- local post
- military stamp - stamps
issued specifically for the use of members of a country's armed forces,
usually using a special postal system
- official mail stamp -
issued for use solely by the government or a government agency or bureau
- occupation stamp - a
stamp issued for use by either an occupying army or by the occupying army or authorities
for use by the civilian population
- parcel post
- postage due - a stamp applied
showing that the full amount of required postage has not been paid, and indicating the amount of shortage and penalties the
recipient will have to pay. (Collectors and philatelists debate whether these should be called stamps, some saying that as they
do not pre-pay postage they should be called "labels".) The United States Post Office Department issued "parcel post postage due"
stamps.
- postal tax - a stamp indicating
that a tax (above the regular postage rate) required for sending letters has been paid. This stamp is often mandatory on all mail
issued on a particular day or for a few days only.
- registered - for pre-payment of a registery fee (fee for "registered mail").
- self-adhesive stamp - stamps not requiring licking or
moisture to be applied to the back to stick. Self-sticking.
- semi-postal / charity stamp - a
stamp issued with an additonal charge above the amount needed to pay postage, where the extra charge is used for charitable
purposes such as the Red Cross. The usage of semi-postal stamps is entirely at
the option of the purchaser. Countries (such as Belgium and Switzerland) that make extensive use of this form of charitable fund-raising design
such stamps in a way that makes them more desirable for collectors.
- special handling - gave parcel post mail first-class treatment in the United States.
- test stamp - these labels are not valid for postage and are not usually available to the public. They are
used by postal authorities on sample mail to test various sorting and cancelling machines or machines that can detect the absence
or presence of a stamp on an envelope. Putting a stamp on the upper left corner of an envelope can confuse these machines.
- war tax stamp - A variation on the postal tax stamp intended to
defray the costs of war.
- water-activated
stamp - for many years "water-activated" stamps were the only kind so this term only entered into use with the advent of
self-adhesive stamps. The adhesive or gum on the back of the stamp must be moistened (usually it is done by licking, thus the
stamps are also known as "lick and stick") to affix it to the envelope or package.
Souvenir sheets
Postage stamps are sometimes issued in souvenir sheets containing just one or a small number of stamps. Souvenir sheets
typically include additional artwork or information printed on the selvage (border surrounding the stamps).
Cinderellas
Stamps should be distinguished from cinderellas, stamp-like labels that
resemble, but are not, postage stamps. Cinderellas might be commemorative labels, such as those issued to support the
Transmissippi Exposition in Buffalo, New York (USA) in 1901 (one of these has now been converted into an actual postage stamp), or may be postage stamps
for imaginary countries or micronations. Designs for surrealist postage stamps appeared in the 1976 World Surrealist Exhibition catalogue, and Clifford Harper has even designed "anarchist postage stamps".
Test stamps
"Test stamps" are not actually postage stamps, not being valid or intended for prepayment of postage, but are for testing
printing processes, equipment, and the like.
In the United Kingdom test stamps for coil despencing machines have
been known poached eggs, due to their design. Originally these were printed in green but later black ink was employed with the
addition of text denoting their intended use. These british labels were printed in the same format and size as the then current
definitives and perforated in the same manner. In addition the amount of ink used on the paper was the same as was used to
produce the actual postage stamps, thus they could test the machines with, (as near as possible), the stamps that would be used
in general use.
Collecting
Stamp collecting or philately is a popular hobby.
Some countries are known for producing stamps intended for collectors rather than postal use. This practice produces a
significant portion of the countries' government revenues. This has been condoned by the collecting community for places such as
Liechtenstein and Pitcairn Islands that have followed relatively conservative stamp issuing policies. Abuses of this policy,
however, are generally condemned. Among the most notable abusers have been Nicholas F. Seebeck and the
component states of the United Arab Emirates. Seebeck
operated in the 1890s as an agent of Hamilton Bank
Note Company when he approached several Latin American countries with an offer to produce their entire postage stamp needs
for free. In return he would have the exclusive rights to market the remainders of the stamps to collectors. Each year a new
issue of stamps was produced whose postal validity would expire at the end of the year; this assured Seebeck of a continuing
supply of remainders. In the 1960s certain stamp printers such as the Barody Stamp Company
arranged contracts to produce quantities of stamps for the separate Emirates and other countries. These abuses combined with the
sparse population of the desert states earned them the reputation of being known as the "sand dune" countries.
The combination of hundreds of countries, each producing scores of different stamps each year has resulted in a total of some
400,000 different types in existence as of 2000. In recent years, the annual world output has averaged about 10,000 types each
year.
Famous stamps
See also: List of postage stamps
See also
External links
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