Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth |
The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (or The Commonwealth of the Two Nations,
Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów in Polish; Belarusian: Рэч
Паспалі́тая) was a federal monarchy-republic formed by the
Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, between 1569 and 1795,
which was governed by an elected monarch.
Since the word Poland was also commonly used to describe the whole country, the members of the commonwealth were called:
The Crown had approximately double the population of Lithuania and five times the income of its treasury.
In the Partitions of Poland in 1772-1795 divided the country between Russia, the Kingdom of Prussia and Austria. However, the last political movement that wanted to restore the state was active
about the time of the January Uprising (1863-1864).
These lands are distributed today mostly among Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Ukraine, Belarus, and Russia,
with smaller pieces in some other neighboring countries (Estonia, Slovakia, Romania and Moldova).
The political doctrine of Polish-Lithuania was "our state is a Republic under the presidency of the King". The Commonwealth
introduced the doctrine of religious tolerance, had its own
parliament, the Sejm, and elected kings that were bound to the contracts "Pacta conventa"
from the beginning of their reign.
The foundation stones of the Commonwealth, the so called Golden Freedoms, were commonly:
- free election of the king
- "pacta conventa" that were binding for the king and evolved from
the earlier Henrician_Articles
- "rokosz" (insurrection) — a legal rebellion
of citizens against the king that violated their guaranteed freedoms
- "liberum veto" — the
right to express opposition to the decisions of the majority by an individual during the Sejm session leading to its nullification
- "konfederacja" —
confederatio, the military
organisation of the citizens willing to achieve a common political aim.
Contour of the Commonwealth with its major subdivisions
as of 1619 superimposed on present-day national borders
Intellectual inheritance
The Commonwealth was one of the most important places in development modern social and political ideas of Europe. See Polish brethren.
The article Nobles' Democracy covers this historical period
in greater detail.
Related articles
List of Polish rulers
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