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Naturalism is any of several philosophical stances, typically those descended from materialism and pragmatism, that
reject the validity of explanations or theories making use of entities inaccessible to natural science.
As described by W. V. Quine, who is in large measure responsible for
naturalism's current pre-eminence among American philosophers, it is the
position that there is no higher tribunal for truth than natural science itself. There is no better method than the scientific
method for judging the claims of science, and there is neither any need nor any place for a "first philosophy," such as
(abstract) metaphysics or epistemology, that could stand behind and justify science or the scientific method. Therefore
philosophy should feel free to make use of the findings of scientists in its own pursuit, while also feeling free to offer
criticism when those claims are ungrounded, confused, or inconsistent: philosophy becomes "continuous with" science. (Naturalism,
that is, is not a dogmatic belief that science is entirely correct; it is the position that science is the best explanation we
have. We have to start somewhere in talking about the world, and we don't have better evidence for anything other than science;
yet as we go along we can still change it as we use it.)
There is currently some dispute over whether naturalism rules out certain areas of philosophy altogether, such as semantics,
ethics, aesthetics, or excludes the use of mentalistic vocabulary ("believes," "thinks,") in philosophy of mind. Quine avoided
most of these topics, but some recent thinkers have argued that even though mentalistic descriptions and value judgements cannot
be systematically translated into physicalistic descriptions, they also do not need to presuppose the existence of anything other
than physical phenomena. Donald
Davidson, for example, has argued that individual mental states can (must, in fact) be identical with individual brain
states, even though a given kind of mental state (belief in Santa Claus) might not be systematically identified with a given kind
of brain state (a particular pattern of neural firings): the former weakly "supervenes" upon the latter. The implication is that naturalism can leave non-physical vocabulary intact
where the use of that vocabulary can be explained naturalistically; McDowell has dubbed this level of discourse "second
nature."
See also
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