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Oswald Theodore Avery, physician and medical researcher (1877-1955). He was born in Halifax, Nova Scotia, but the major part of his career was spent
in the United States at the Rockefeller Institute Hospital, New York City. Avery was one of the first molecular biologists and was a pioneer in immunochemistry, but he is best
known for his discovery in 1944 with his
co-worker Maclyn McCarty that
DNA (deoxyriboncleic acid) is the material of which genes and chromosomes are made. Previously, proteins were believed to be the carrier of genes in cells. (Before McCarty he had worked on this topic with
Colin McLeod.)
This was the continuation of work by Frederick Griffith in
1928. Alfred Hershey and
Martha Chase continued this work in 1952 with the Hershey-Chase experiment.
The experiment was a simple one in concept. Bacteria are able to transfer genetic material through a liquid medium to other
bacteria, transforming (giving new genetic characteristics) them. Therefore if bacteria transform when an organic
molecule is placed in liquid with them, then that molecule holds genetic information. For the experiment, a bacteria called a
pneumococcus was used. The R strain is harmless, while the S strain causes pneumonia in laboratory mice.
Substances were available to remove various organic compounds from bacteria, and if the remaining organic compounds were still
able to cause R strain bacteria to transform then the substances removed couldn't be the carrier of genes. S strain bacteria
first had the large cellular structures removed. Then they were treated with proteases, which removed the proteins from the cells
before the remainder was placed with R strain bacteria. The R strain bacteria transformed, meaning that proteins didn't carry the
genes for causing the disease. Then the remnants of the S strain bacteria were treated with a deoxyribonuclease which removed the
DNA. After this treatment, the R strain bacteria no longer transformed, as evidenced by mice not showing signs of pneumonia when
injected with the bacteria. This indicated that DNA was the carrier of genes in cells.
Avery wrote in a letter to his brother, "It's lots of fun to blow bubbles but it's wiser to prick them yourself before someone
else tries to."
Nobel laureate Joshua Lederberg stated that Avery and his
laboratory provided "the historical platform of modern DNA research" and "betokened the molecular revolution in genetics and biomedical science generally."
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