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Obscenity has several connotations. It can simply be used to mean profanity, or it can mean anything that is taboo, indecent, abhorrent, or
disgusting. The term is most often used in a legal context to describe expression (words,
images, actions) that offend the prevalent sexual morality of the
time.
The definition of obscenity differs from culture to culture, between communities within a single culture, and also between
individuals within those communities. Many cultures have produced laws to define what is
considered to be obscene, and censorship is often used to try to suppress or
control materials that are obscene under these definitions, usually including, but not limited to pornographic material. Because the concept of obscenity is often ill-defined, it can be used as a
political tool to try to restrict freedom of expression. Thus, the definition of
obscenity can be a civil liberties issue.
British obscenity law
Obscenity law in England and Wales is currently governed by the Obscene Publications Act, but obscenity law goes back much further into the English common law.
The conviction in 1727 of Edmund Curll for the publication of Venus
in the Cloister or the Nun in her Smock under the common law offence of disturbing
the King's peace appears to be the first conviction for obscenity in the United Kingdom, and set a legal precedent for other convictions.
These common law ideas of obscenity formed the original basis of obscenity law in other common law countries, such as the
United States.
United States obscenity law
The United States has constitutional protection for freedom of speech, which was not designed to protect every utterance, and
the Supreme Court has ruled that this protection does not
extend to obscenity as currently defined by the Miller test. In U.S. legal
texts, the term "obscenity" now always refers to this "Miller-test-obscenity". Previously various other standards have been
used:
- Hicklin test: the effect of isolated passages upon the most susceptible persons. (British common law - overturned when
Michigan tried to outlaw all printed matter that would 'corrupt the morals of youth' in Butler v. State of Michigan 352 U.S. 380
(1957))
- Wepplo: If material has a substantial tendency to deprave or corrupt its readers by inciting lascivious thoughts or arousing
lustful desires.
- Roth Standard: All ideas
having even the slightest redeeming social importance - unorthodox ideas, controversial ideas, even ideas hateful to the
prevailing climate of opinion - have the full protection of the guaranties, unless excludable because they encroach upon the
limited area of more important interests. Roth v. United States 354 U.S. 476 (1957) - overturned by Miller
- Jacobellis: "community standards"
applicable to an obscenity are national, not local standards. Jacobellis v. Ohio 378 US 184 (1964) - famous quote: I know it when
I see it (re: hardcore pornography) and this is not it.
- Roth-Memoirs Test: a) the dominant theme of the material taken as a whole appeals to a prurient interest in sex; (b) the
material is patently offensive because it affronts contemporary community standards relating to the description or representation
of sexual matters; and (c) the material is utterly without redeeming social value. 383 U.S. 413 (1966)
Under FCC rules and federal
law, radio stations and over-the-air television channels cannot air obscene material at any time and cannot air indecent material
between 6 a.m. and 10 p.m.: language or material that, in context, depicts or describes, in terms patently offensive as measured
by contemporary community standards for the broadcast medium, sexual or excretory
organs or activities (indecency is not as bad as obscenity).
Obscenity and its parent adjective obscene come from the
Latin word obscenus, meaning "foul, repulsive, detestable" (originally ob
scenus—literally off the stage). Despite its long formal and informal use with a sexual connotation, the word
still retains the meanings of "inspiring disgust" and even "inauspicious; ill-omened", as in such uses as "obscene profits", "the
obscenity of war", and the like.
Many historically important works have been described as obscene, or prosecuted under obscenity laws. For example, the works
of Charles-Pierre Baudelaire, Lenny Bruce, William S. Burroughs, James Joyce, D. H. Lawrence, Henry
Miller, and the Marquis de Sade.
See also
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