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A Morpho butterfly may be one of over 80 described species of showy, neotropical butterflies found mostly in South America with a few species recorded in southern Mexico and Mesoamerica. Morphos range in wingspan from the
7.5 cm (3 inch) Morpho rhodopteron to the imposing 20 cm (8 inch) Morpho hecuba. The name Morpho derives from
its use as an epithet of Venus.
Many Morpho butterflies are coloured in metallic, shimmering shades of blue and green. These colours are not a result of
pigmentation but rather are an example of iridescence: the extremely fine
lamellated scales covering the Morpho's wings reflect
incident light repeatedly at successive layers, leading to interference
effects that depend on both wavelength and angle of incidence/observance. Thus the colours produced vary with viewing angle,
however they are actually surprisingly uniform, perhaps due to the tetrahedral (diamond-like) structural arrangement of the
scales or diffraction from overlying cell layers. This structure may be called a photonic crystal. The iridescent lamellae are present on the dorsal side of their wings only, leaving the
ventral side a drab brown.
The ventral side is decorated with ocelli or eyespots. In some species, such as Morpho godarti, the dorsal
lamellae are so thin as to allow the ventral ocelli to peek through. While not all Morphos have iridescent coloration, they all
have ocelli. In most species only the males are colourful, a fact supporting the theory that the coloration is used for
intrasexual communication between males. The lamellae reflect up to 70% of light falling on them, including any UV. The eyes of Morpho butterflies are thought to be highly sensitive to UV light and therefore the
males are able to see each other from great distances. Some South American species are reportedly visible by the human eye up to
one kilometre away.
Morpho butterflies are forest dwellers but will venture into sunny clearings in order to warm themselves. Males are
territorial and will chase any would-be rivals. The native peoples along the Rio
Negro in Brazil once exploited the territorial habits of the Blue Morpho
(Morpho menelaus) by luring them into clearings with bright blue decoys. The collected butterfly wings were used as
embellishment for ceremonial masks.
Morpho butterflies feed on the juices of fermenting fruit with which they may also be lured. The inebriated butterflies wobble
in flight and are easy to catch. Morphos will also feed on the bodily fluids of dead animals and on fungi. Morpho butterflies may be important by their role in dispersing fungal spores.
The hairy brown caterpillars are nocturnal and feed on a variety of
leguminous plants. In some species the caterpillars are also cannibalistic, a trait thought to be a population control mechanism. If disturbed,
Blue Morpho caterpillars will secrete a fluid smelling of rancid butter. The tufts of hair decorating the caterpillars irritate
human skin.
The entire life cycle of the Morpho butterfly, from egg to death, is approximately 115 days. The adults live for about a
month. Their predators are few for the adults retain poisonous compounds accumulated by the feeding caterpillar.
Today, Blue Morphos and similar species are reared en masse in commercial breeding programmes. The iridescent wings are used
in the manufacture of jewellery and as inlay in woodworking. Mounted specimens are sold with the abdomen removed to prevent its oily contents from
staining the wings. The lamellated structure of their scales has been studied as a model in the development of fabrics, dye-free
paints, and anti-counterfeit technology such as that used in currency.
External links and references
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