Manufacturing

Manufacturing is the transformation of raw materials into finished goods for sale, or intermediate processes involving the production or finishing of semi-manufactures. It is a large branch of industry and of secondary production.

Although handicraft production has been with us for many millennia, modern-style manufacturing is generally regarded as beginning around 1780 with the British Industrial Revolution, spreading thereafter to Continental Europe and North America, and subsequently around the world.

While it remains a huge part of the modern world economy - perhaps a quarter of aggregate world production of goods and services - many of the world's wealthier nations devote an ever smaller proportion of their workforce to manufacturing activity owing to relocation of enterprises to lower-wage countries and the rising proportion of economic activity devoted to service activity.

Manufacturing Topics

Taxonomy of manufacturing processes

1. Casting and molding
   1. Casting
      1. Sand
      2. Plastic mold
      3. Shell mold
      4. Investment (lost wax, precision)
      5. Permanent mold
      6. Centrifugal
      7. Die
      8. Slush or slurry
      9. Full mold
      10. Low pressure
      11. Continuous Molding
   2. Molding
      1. Powder metallurgy
         1. Compaction plus sintering
      2. Plastics
         1. Injection
         2. Compression
         3. Transfer
         4. Extrusion
         5. Blow
         6. Rotational
         7. Thermoforming
         8. Laminating
         9. Expandable bead
         10. Foam
         11. Rotomolding
         12. Vacuum plug assist
         13. Pressure plug assist
         14. Matched mold
2. Deformation (forming and shearing)
   1. Forming
      1. Forging
         1. Smith
         2. Hammer
         3. Drop
         4. Press
         5. Impact (see also extrusion)
         6. Upset
         7. No draft
         8. High-energy-rate
         9. Cored
         10. Incremental
         11. Powder
      2. Rolling
         1. Shape
         2. Ring
         3. Transverse
         4. Orbital
         5. Cross-rolling
         6. Thread
      3. Stretching (expanding)
      4. Drawing (shrinking) of wire bar or tube
         1. Embossing
         2. Coining
         3. Stamping
         4. Sizing
         5. Redrawing
         6. Bulging
         7. Necking
         8. Nosing
         9. Ironing
      5. Deep drawing
      6. Swaging
      7. Extrusion
      8. Spinning
      9. Bending
      10. Miscellaneous other
          1. Peening
          2. Guerin process
          3. Wheelon process
          4. Magnetic pulse
          5. Explosive
          6. Electroforming
          7. Staking
          8. Seaming
          9. Flanging
          10. Straightening
   2. Shearing
      1. Line shearing (slitting)
      2. Blanking
      3. Piercing or punching
      4. Follow-up on #2 and #3
         1. Trimming
         2. Shaving
         3. Notching
         4. Perforating
         5. Nibling
         6. Dinking
         7. Lancing
         8. Cutoff
   3. Pulverizing
      1. Crushing
         1. Jaw crusher
         2. Gyratory crusher
         3. Rollers
         4. Edge runner
         5. Hammer mill
      2. Grinding
         1. Ball mill
         2. Buhrstone mill
      3. Atomization
      4. Centrifugal disintegration
3. Machining (material removal)
   1. Milling
      1. Peripheral (slab)
      2. Face
      3. Chemical
   2. Turning
      1. Facing
      2. Boring
      3. Spinning (flow turning)
      4. Knurling
      5. Cutoff (parting)
   3. Drilling
      1. Reaming
      2. Countersinking
      3. Tapping
   4. Sawing
      1. Filing
   5. Broaching
   6. Shaping
      1. Horizontal
      2. Vertical
      3. Special purpose
   7. Planing
      1. Double housing
      2. Open-side
      3. Edge or plate
      4. Pit-type
   8. Grinding (abrasive machining)
      1. Abrasive jet machining
      2. Honing
      3. Lapping
      4. Superfinishing
      5. Barrel finishing
      6. Vibratory finishing
      7. Spindle finishing
      8. Abrasive belt
      9. Polishing
      10. Buffing
      11. Burnishing
      12. Grit- or shot-blasting
      13. Tumbling
      14. Wire brushing
      15. Electropolishing
      16. Electro-chemical grinding
   9. Routing
   10. Hobbing (hubbing)
   11. Ultrasonic
   12. Electrical discharge
   13. Electron beam
   14. Electrochemical
   15. Chemical
   16. Photochemical
   17. Laser beam
4. Joining
   1. Welding
      1. Arc
         1. Shielded metal
         2. Gas metal
            1. Pulsed
            2. Short circuit
            3. Electrogas
            4. Spray transfer
         3. Gas tungsten
         4. Flux-cored
         5. Submerged
         6. Plasma arc
         7. Carbon arc
         8. Stud
         9. Electroslag
         10. Atomic hydrogen
         11. Plasma-MIG (metal inert gas)
         12. Impregnated tape
      2. Oxyfuel gas
         1. Oxyacetylene gas
         2. Methylacetylene propadiene (MAPP)
         3. Air-acetylene
         4. Oxyhydrogen
         5. Pressure gas
            1. CO₂
      3. Resistance
         1. Spot
         2. Projection
         3. Seam
         4. Flash butt (flash)
         5. Upset(butt)
         6. Percussion
      4. Solid state
         1. Ultrasonic
         2. Explosive
         3. Diffusion
            1. Hot press
            2. Isostatic hot gas
            3. Vacuum furnace
         4. Friction
         5. Inertia
         6. Forge
         7. Cold
         8. Roll
      5. Electron beam
      6. Laser beam
         1. Solid-state
         2. Axial-flow gas
         3. Cross-flow gas
      7. Thermite
      8. Induction
         1. Low frequency (50-450 Hz)
         2. High frequency (induction resistance; 200-450 kHz)
      9. High frequency resistance
      10. Electromagnetic
      11. Flow
   2. Brazing
      1. Torch
      2. Induction
      3. Furnace
      4. Dip
      5. Resistance
      6. Infrared
      7. Vacuum
   3. Soldering
      1. Iron
      2. Resistance
      3. Hot plate
      4. Oven
      5. Induction
      6. Dip
      7. Wave
      8. Ultrasonic
   4. Sintering (of powdered metals)
   5. Adhesive bonding (incomplete)
      1. Thermo-setting and thermoplastic
         1. Epoxy
         2. Modified epoxy
         3. Phenolics
         4. Polyurethane
      2. Adhesive alloys
      3. Miscellaneous other powders, liquids, solids, and tapes
   6. Metal fasteners
      1. Screws
      2. Nuts and bolts
      3. Rivets
      4. Pins
         1. Cotter
         2. Groove
         3. Tapered
         4. Roll
      5. Retaining rings
      6. Quick-release
   7. Stitching
   8. Stapling
   9. Shrink fitting
   10. Press fitting
   11. Plastic
       1. Hot-air-welding
       2. Friction
       3. Heated metal plate
       4. Solvent
       5. Dielectric
       6. Magnetic
       7. Ultrasonic
       8. Radio frequency welding

Manufacturing Systems

• Craft system
• English system of manufacturing
• American System of manufacturing
• Soviet collectivism in manufacturing
• Mass production
• Just in time manufacturing
• Lean manufacturing
• Flexible manufacturing
• Mass customization
• Agile manufacturing

Theories

• Taylorism
• Fordism
• Scientific management

Control

• Management
  • List of management topics
• Quality control

Manufacturing Engineering

• Industrial and manufacturing engineering
• Computer-aided manufacturing
• Computer integrated manufacturing
• Numerically controlled
• Computer numerically controlled
• Distributed Control Systems
• Fieldbus control systems
• Programmable logic controllers

Assembly Systems

• Assembly line
• Industrial robot

Design

• Rapid prototyping
• Computer aided design
• New product development

Others

• Primary industry
• Factory
• Distributor
• Warehouse
• Wholesaler
• Retailer
• Consumer

Lists of related topics

• list of engineering topics
• list of management topics
• list of production topics
• list of marketing topics
• list of economics topics
• list of international trade topics
• list of finance topics
• list of accounting topics
• list of information technology management topics
• list of business law topics
• list of human resource management topics
• list of business theorists
• list of economists
• list of corporate leaders