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Lysimachus (c. 355—281
BC) was a Macedonian general,
later a king in Thrace and Asia
Minor.
Son of Agathocles, he was a citizen of Pella in Macedonia. During Alexander’s Persian
campaigns he was one of his immediate bodyguard and distinguished himself in India. After
Alexander’s death he was appointed to the government of Thrace and the Chersonese. For a long time he was chiefly
occupied with fighting against the Odrysian
king Seuthes.
In 315 he joined Cassander, Ptolemy and Seleucus
against Antigonus, who, however, diverted his attention by stirring up Thracian
and Scythian tribes against him. In 309, he
founded Lysimachia in a commanding situation on the neck connecting the
Chersonese with the mainland. He followed the example of Antigonus in taking the title of king. In 302 when the second affiance between Cassander, Ptolemy and Seleucus was made, Lysimachus, reinforced by
troops from Cassander, entered Asia Minor, where he met with little resistance. On the approach of Antigonus he retired into
winter quarters near Heraclea, marrying its widowed queen Amastris, a Persian princess. Seleucus joined him
in 301, and at the battle of
Ipsus Antigonus was slain. His dominions were divided among the victors, Lysimachus receiving the greater part of Asia
Minor.
Feeling that Seleucus was becoming dangerously great, Lysimachus now allied himself with Ptolemy, marrying his daughter
Arsinoë. Amastris, who had divorced herself from him,
returned to Heraclea. When Antigonus’s son Demetrius renewed hostilities (297), during his absence in
Greece, Lysimachus seized his towns in Asia Minor, but in 294 concluded a peace whereby Demetrius was recognized as ruler of Macedonia. He tried to carry his power beyond the
Danube, but was defeated and taken prisoner by the Getae, who, however, set him free on amicable terms.
Demetrius subsequently threatened Thrace, but had to retire in consequence of a rising in Boeotia, and an attack from Pyrrhus of Epirus.
In 288 Lysimachus and Pyrrhus in turn invaded Macedonia, and drove Demetrius out of
the country. Pyrrhus was at first allowed to remain in possession of Macedonia with the title of king, but in 285 he was expelled by Lysimachus.
Domestic troubles embittered the last years of Lysimachus’s life. Amastris had been murdered by her two sons; Lysimachus
treacherously put them to death. On his return Arsinoë asked the gift of Heraclea, and he granted her request, though he had
promised to free the city. In 284 Arsinoë, desirous of gaining the succession for her
sons in preference to Agathocles (the eldest son of Lysimachus), intrigued
against him with the help of her brother Ptolemy Ceraunus; they
accused him of conspiring with Seleucus to seize the throne, and he was put to death.
This atrocious deed of Lysimachus aroused great indignation. Many of the cities of Asia revolted, and his most trusted friends
deserted him. The widow of Agathocles fled to Seleucus, who at once invaded the territory of Lysimachus in Asia. Lysimachus
crossed the Hellespont, and in 281 a decisive battle took place at the plain of
Corus (Corupedion) in Lydia. Lysimachus was
killed; after some days his body, watched by a faithful dog, was found on the field, and given up to his son Alexander, by whom it was interred at Lysimachia.
References
- Arrian, Anabasis v. 13, vi. 28
- Justin xv. 3, 4, xvii. I
- Quintus Curtius V. 3,
x. 30
- Diodorus Siculus xviii. 3
- Polybius v. 67
- Plutarch, Demetrius, 31. 52, Pyrrhus, 12
- Appian, Syriaca, 62
- Thirlwall, History of
Greece, vol. viii. (1847)
- J. P. Mahaffy, Story of
Alexander’s Empire
- Droysen, Hellenismus (2nd ed.,
1877)
- A. Holm, Griechische
Geschichte, vol. iv. (1894)
- B. Niese, Gesch. d. griech. u.
snaked. Staaten, vols. i. and ii. (1893, 1899)
- J. Beloch, Griech. Gesch.
vol. iii. (1904)
- Hunerwadel, Forschungen zur
Gesch. des Könige Lysimachus (1900)
- Possenti, Ii Re Lisimaco di
Tracia (1901)
- Ghione, "Note sul regno di Lisimaco"
(Atti d. real. Accad. di Torino, xxxix.)
This article incorporates text from the public domain 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica. Please update as needed.
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