Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier |
Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier (March 21, 1768 - May 16, 1830) was a
French mathematician and
physicist who is best known for initiating the investigation of Fourier series and their application to problems of heat flow. The Fourier transform is also named in his honor.
He was born at Auxerre in the Yonne
département of France, the son of
a tailor, and was educated by the Benedictines. The commissions in the
scientific corps of the army were reserved for those of good birth, and being thus ineligible he accepted a military lectureship
on mathematics. He took a prominent part in his own district in promoting the revolution, and was rewarded by an appointment in
1795 in the École Normale Supérieure, and subsequently by a chair at the École Polytechnique.
Joseph Fourier
Fourier went with Napoleon on his Eastern expedition in 1798, and was made governor of Lower Egypt. Cut off from France by the English fleet, he organized the workshops
on which the French army had to rely for their munitions of war. He also contributed several mathematical papers to the Egyptian
Institute which Napoleon founded at Cairo, with a view of weakening English influence in
the East. After the British victories and the capitulation of the French under General Menou in 1801, Fourier returned to France, and was made prefect of Isère, and it was
while there that he made his experiments on the propagation of heat. He moved to Paris in 1816. In 1822 he published his Théorie analytique de la chaleur, in
which he bases his reasoning on Newton's law of
cooling, namely, that the flow of heat between two adjacent molecules is proportional to the extremely small difference of
their temperatures. In this work he claims that any functions of a variable, whether continuous or discontinuous, can be expanded
in a series of sines of multiples of the variable - this result isn't
correct at all. But the fact that some discontinuous functions are the sum of infinite series was a breakthrough. The question of
determining when a function is the sum of its Fourier series has been
fundamental for centuries. Lagrange had given particular cases of this (false) theorem, and had implied that the method was
general, but he had not pursued the subject. Dirichlet was the first to give a satisfactory demonstration of it, with some
restrictive conditions.
Fourier left an unfinished work on determinate equations which was edited by Claude Navier, and published in
1831; this contains much original matter, in particular there is a demonstration of
Fourier's theorem on the position of the roots of an algebraic equation. Lagrange had shown how the roots of an algebraic equation might be separated by means of another
equation whose roots were the squares of the differences of the roots of the original equation. François
Budan, in 1807 and 1811, had enunciated the
theorem generally known by the name of Fourier, but the demonstration was not altogether satisfactory. Fourier's proof is the
same as that usually given in textbooks on the theory of equations. The final solution of the problem was given in 1829 by Jacques Charles François Sturm (1803--1855).
He died in Paris.
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