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Jakob Ludwig Karl Grimm (January 4, 1785 – September 20, 1863), German philologist and mythologist, was born at Hanau, in Hesse-Cassel.
His father, who was a lawyer, died while he was a child, and the mother was left
with very small means; but her sister, who was lady of the chamber to the Iandgravine of Hesse, helped to support and educate her
numerous family. Jakob, with his younger brother Wilhelm (born on
February 24, 1786), was sent in
1798 to the public school at Cassel.
In 1802 he proceeded to the university of Marburg, where he studied law, a profession for which he had been destined by his
father. His brother joined him at Marburg a year later, having just recovered from a long and severe illness, and likewise began
the study of law.
Up to this time Jakob Grimm had been actuated only by a general thirst for knowledge and his energies had not found any aim
beyond the practical one of making himself a position in life. The first definite impulse came from the lectures of Savigny, the celebrated investigator of Roman law, who, as Grimm himself says (in the preface to the Deutsche
Grammatik), first taught him to realize what it meant to study any science. Savigny's lectures also awakened in him that
love for historical and antiquarian investigation which forms the basis of all his work. Then followed personal acquaintance, and
it was in Savigny's well-provided library that Grimm first turned over the leaves of Bodmer's edition of the Old German minnesingers and other early texts, and felt an eager desire to
penetrate further into the obscurities and half-revealed mysteries of their language.
In the beginning of 1805 he received an invitation from Savigny, who had moved to Paris,
to help him in his literary work. Grimm passed a very happy time in Paris, strengthening his taste for the literatures of the
middle ages by his studies in the Paris libraries. Towards the close of the year he returned to Cassel, where his mother and
Wilhelm had settled, the latter having finished his studies. The next year he obtained a situation in the war office with the
very small salary of 100 thalers. One of his grievances was that he had to exchange his stylish Paris suit for a stiff uniform
and pigtail. But he had full leisure for the prosecution of his studies.
In 1808, soon after the death of his mother, he was appointed superintendent of the
private library of Jerome Bonaparte, king of Westphalia, into which
Hesse-Cassel had been incorporated by Napoleon. Jerome appointed him an auditor to
the state council, while he retained his other post. His salary was increased in a short interval from 2000 to 4000 francs, and
his official duties were hardly more than nominal. After the expulsion of Jerome and the reinstalment of an elector, Grimm was
appointed in 1813 secretary of legation, to accompany the Hessian minister to the
headquarters of the allied army. In 1814 he was sent to Paris to demand restitution of
the books carried off by the French, and in 1814–1815 he attended the congress of Vienna as secretary of legation. On his return he was again sent to Paris on the same
errand as before.
Meanwhile Wilhelm had received an appointment in the Cassel library, and in 1816 Jakob
was made second librarian under Volkel. On the death of Volkel in 1828 the brothers
expected to be advanced to the first and second librarianships respectively, and were dissatisfied when the first place was given
to Rommel, the keeper of the archives. So they moved next year to Göttingen where Jakob received the appointment of professor and librarian, and Wilhelm that of
under-librarian. Jakob Grimm lectured on legal antiquities, historical grammar, literary history, and diplomatics, explained Old
German poems, and commented or the Germanic of Tacitus.
At this period he is described as small and lively in figure, with a harsh voice, speaking a broad Hessian dialect. His
powerful memory enabled him to dispense with the manuscript on which most German professors relied, and he spoke
extempore — referring only occasionally to a few names and dates written on a slip of paper. He regretted that he
had begun the work of teaching so late in life, but as a lecturer he was not successful: he had no aptitude for digesting facts
and suiting them to the level of comprehension of his students. Even the brilliant, terse, and eloquent passages which abound in
his writings lost much of their effect when jerked out in the midst of a long array of dry facts.
In 1837, having been one of the seven professors who signed a protest against the king
of Hanover's abrogation of the constitution established some years before, he was dismissed from his professorship and banished
from the kingdom of Hanover. He returned to Cassel together with his brother, who had also signed the protest, and remained there
until 1840, when they accepted an invitation from the king of Prussia to move to Berlin, where they both received professorships, and were elected members of the Academy of
Sciences. Not being under any obligation to lecture, Jakob seldom did so, but together with his brother worked at their great
dictionary. During their time in Cassel Jakob regularly attended the meetings of the academy, where he read papers on the most
varied subjects. The best known of these are those on Lachmann, Schiller, and his brother Wilhelm (who died in 1859), on old age,
and on the origin of language. He also described his impressions of Italian and Scandinavian travel, interspersing his more
general observations with linguistic details, as is the case in all his works.
Grimm died in 1863, working even at the end. He was never ill, and worked all day,
without haste and without pause. He was not at all impatient of interruption, but seemed rather to be refreshed by it, returning
to his work without effort. He wrote for the press with great rapidity, and hardly ever made corrections. He never revised what
he had written, remarking with a certain wonder on his brother, Wilhelm, who read his own manuscripts over again before sending
them to press. His temperament was uniformly cheerful, and he was easily amused. Outside his own special work he had a marked
taste for botany. The spirit which animated his work is best described by himself at the end of his autobiography.
"Nearly all my labors have been devoted, either directly or indirectly, to the investigation of our earlier language, poetry
and laws. These studies may have appeared to many, and may still appear, useless; to me they have always seemed a noble and
earnest task, definitely and inseparably connected with our common fatherland, and calculated to foster the love of it. My
principle has always been in these investigations to under-value nothing, but to utilize the small for the illustration of the
great, the popular tradition for the elucidation of the written monuments."
The purely scientific side of Grimm's character developed slowly. He seems to have felt the want of definite principles of
etymology without being able to discover them, and indeed even in the first edition of his grammar (1819) he seemed to be often groping in the dark. As early as 1815 we find
AW Schlegel reviewing the Altdeutsche
Wälder (a periodical published by the two brothers) very severely, condemning the lawless etymological combinations it
contained, and insisting on the necessity of strict philological method and a fundamental investigation of the laws of language,
especially in the correspondence of sounds. This criticism is said to have had a considerable influence on the direction of
Grimm's studies.
The first work Jacob Grimm published, Uber den altdeutschen Meistergesang (1811), was of a purely literary character. Yet even in this essay Grimm showed that Minnesang and Meistersang were really one form of poetry, of which they merely represented different stages of
development, and also announced his important discovery of the invariable division of the Lied into three strophic parts.
His text-editions were mostly prepared in conjunction with his brother. In 1812 they
published the two ancient fragments of the Hildebrandslied and the Weissenbrunner Gehet, Jacob having
discovered what till then had never been suspected-- namely the alliteration in these poems. However, Jakob had little taste for text editing, and, as he himself confessed,
working on a critical text gave him little pleasure. He therefore left this department to others, especially Lachmann, who soon
turned his brilliant critical genius, trained in the severe school of classical philology, to Old and Middle High German poetry and metre.
Both brothers were attracted from the beginning by all national poetry, whether in the form of epics, ballads or popular
tales. They published In 1816–1818 an analysis
and critical sifting of the oldest epic traditions of the Germanic races under the title of Deutsche Sagen. At the same
time they collected all the popular tales they could find, partly from the mouths of the people, partly from manuscripts and
books, and published in 1812–1815 the first
edition of those Kinder- und Hausmärchen which has carried the name of the brothers Grimm into every household of the
civilized world, and which founded the science of folk-lore. The closely related
subject of the satirical beast epic of the middle ages also held great charm
for Jakob Grimm, and he published an edition of the Rejnhart Fuchs in 1834. His first
contribution to mythology was the first volume of an edition of the Eddaic songs,
undertaken jointly with his brother, and published in 1815. However, this work was not
followed by any others on the subject.
The first edition of his Deutsche Mythologie appeared in 1835. This great work
covered the whole range of the subject, tracing the mythology and superstitions of the old Teutons back to the very dawn of direct evidence, and following their decay and loss down to the popular
traditions, tales and expressions in which they still linger.
Although, by the introduction of the Code Napoleon into Westphalia,
Grimm's legal studies were made practically useless, he never lost his interest in the scientific study of law and national
institutions as the truest exponents of the life and character of a people. By the publication (in 1828) of his Rechtsalterthumer, he laid the foundations of historical study of the old Teutonic laws and
constitutions which was continued with brilliant success by Georg L Maurer and others. In this work Grimm showed the importance of linguistic study of the old
laws, and the light that can be thrown on many a dark passage in them by a comparison of the corresponding words and expressions
in the other old cognate dialects. He also knew how (and this is perhaps the most original and valuable part of his work) to
trace the spirit of the laws in countless allusions and sayings which occur in the old poems and sagas, and even survive in
modern colloquialisms.
Of all his more general works the boldest and most far-reaching was his Geschichte der deutschen Sprache, in which
the linguistic elements are emphasized. The subject of the work is, indeed, nothing less than the history which lies hidden in
the words of the German language (the oldest natural history of the Teutonic tribes determined by means of language). For this
purpose he laboriously collected the scattered words and allusions found in classical writers, and endeavoured to determine the
relationship between the German language and those of the Getae, Tifracians, Scythians, and many other nations whose languages are known only by doubtfully identified,
often extremely corrupted remains preserved by Greek and Latin authors. Grimm's results have been greatly modified by the wider
range of comparison and improved methods of investigation which now characterize linguistic science, and many of the questions
raised by him will probably for ever remain obscure; but his book will always be one of the most fruitful and suggestive that has
ever been written.
Grimm's famous Deutsche Grammatik was the outcome of his purely philological work. The labors of past generations
from the humanists onwards resulted in an enormous collection of materials in the shape of text-editions, dictionaries, and
grammars, although most of it was uncritical and untrustworthy. Something had even been done in the way of the comparison and
determination of general laws, and the concept of a comparative Teutonic grammar had been clearly grasped by the illustrious
Englishman George Hickes by the beginning of the 18th century in his Thesaurus. Ten Kate in Holland had afterwards made valuable contributions to the history and comparison of
the Teutonic languages. Even Grimm himself did not at first intend to include all the languages in his grammar, but he soon found
that Old High German postulated Gothic, and that the later stages of German could not be understood without the help of the Low German dialects including English, and that the rich literature of Scandinavia could not ignored either. The first edition of the
first part of the Grammar (which appeared in 1819), and is now extremely rare,
treated of the inflections of all these languages, and included a general introduction, in which he vindicated the importance of
an historical study of the German language against the a priori,
quasi-philosophical methods then in vogue.
In 1822 this volume appeared in a second edition (really a new work, for, as Grimm
himself says in the preface, it cost him little reflection to mow down the first crop to the ground). The wide distance between
the two stages of Grimm's development in these two editions is significantly shown by the fact that while the first edition gives
only the inflections, in the second volume phonology takes up no fewer than 600 pages, more than half of the whole volume. Grimm
had, at last, awakened to the full conviction that all sound philology must be based on rigorous adhesion to the laws of
sound-change, and he never afterwards swerved from this principle, which gave to all his investigations, even in their boldest
flights, that iron-bound consistency, and that force of conviction which distinguishes science from dilettanteism. Prior to
Grimm's time, philology was nothing but a more or less laborious and conscientious dilettanteism, with occasional flashes of
scientific inspiration.
His advances must be attributed mainly to the influence of his contemporary Rasmus Christian Rask. Rask was born two years later than Grimm, but his remarkable precocity gave
him something of an even start. In Grimm's first editions, his Icelandic paradigms are based entirely on Rask's grammar, and in
his second edition, he relied almost entirely on Rask for Old English. His debt to Rask can only be estimated at its true value
by comparing his treatment of Old English in the two editions; the difference
is very great. For example, in the first edition he declines disg, dceges, plural dcegas, without having observed the law of
vowel-change pointed out by Rask.
There can be little doubt that the appearance of Rask's Old English grammar was a main inducement for him to recast his work from
the beginning. To Rask also belongs the merit of having first distinctly formulated the laws of sound-correspondence in the
different languages, especially in the vowels (those more fleeting elements of speech which had hitherto been ignored by etymologists).
This leads to a question which has been the subject of much controversy, "Who discovered what is known as Grimm's law?" This law of the correspondence of consonants in the older
Indogermanic, and Low and High German languages was, first fully stated by Grimm in the second edition of the first part of his
grammar. The correspondence of single consonants had been more or less clearly recognized by several of his predecessors, but the
one who came nearest to the discovery of the complete law was the Swede J Ihre, who established a considerable number of
literarum permutationes, such as b for f, with the examples ba~ra =ferre, befwer
=fiber. Rask, in his essay on the origin of the Icelandic
language, gave the same comparisons, with a few additions and corrections, and even the very same examples in most cases. As
Grimm in the preface to his first edition expressly mentioned this essay of Rask, there is every probability that it inspired his
own investigations. But there is a wide difference between the isolated permutations of his predecessors and his own
comprehensive generalizations. The extension of the law to High German is
entirely his own work, however.
The only fact that can be adduced in support of the assertion that Grimm wished to deprive Rask of his claims to priority is
that he does not expressly mention Rask's results in his second edition. But this is part of the plan of his work, viz, to
refrain from all controversy or reference to the works of others. In his first edition he expressly calls attention to Rask's
essay, and praises it most ungrudgingly. Rask himself refers very little to Ihre, merely alluding in a general way to Ihres
permutations, although his own debt to Ihre is infinitely greater than that of Grimm to Rask or to any one else. It is true that
a certain bitterness of feeling afterwards sprang up between Grimm and Rask, but this was the fault of the latter, who, impatient
of contradiction and irritable in controversy, refused to acknowledge the value of Grimm's views when they involved modification
of his own.
The importance of Grimm's generalization in the history of philology cannot be overestimated, and even the mystic completeness
and symmetry of its formulation, although it has proved a hindrance to the correct explanation of the causes of the changes, was
well calculated to strike the popular mind, and give it a vivid idea of the paramount importance of law, and the necessity of
disregarding mere superficial resemblance. The most lawless etymologist bows down to the authority of Grimm's law, even if he
honors it almost as much in the breach as in the observance.
The grammar was continued in three volumes, treating principally derivation, composition and syntax, the last of which was left unfinished. Grimm then began a third edition, of which only one part, comprising
the vowels, appeared in 1840, his time being afterwards taken up mainly by the dictionary.
The grammar stands alone in the annals of science for its comprehensiveness, method and fullness of detail. Every law, every
letter, every syllable of inflection in the different languages was illustrated by an almost exhaustive mass of material, and it
has served as a model for all succeeding investigators. Diez's grammar of the Romance languages is founded entirely on its methods, which have also
exerted a profound influence on the wider study of the indo-Germanic languages in general.
In the great German dictionary Grimm undertook a task for which he was hardly suited. His exclusively historical tendencies
made it impossible for him to do justice to the individuality of a living language; and the disconnected statement of the facts
of language in an ordinary alphabetical dictionary fatally mars its scientific character. It was also undertaken on so large a
scale as to make it impossible for him and his brother to complete it themselves. The dictionary, as far as it was worked on by
Grimm himself, may be described as a collection of disconnected antiquarian essays of high value.
Grimm's scientific character is notable for its combination of breadth and unity. He was as far removed from the narrowness of
the specialist who has no ideas or sympathies beyond some one author, period, or corner of science, as he was from the shallow
dabbler who feverishly attempts to master the details of half-adozen discordant pursuits. Even within his own special studies
there is the same wise concentration; no Mezzofanti-like parrot display of useless polyglottism. The very foundations of his nature were
harmonious; his patriotism and love of historical investigation received their fullest satisfaction in the study of the language,
traditions, mythology, laws and literature of his own countrymen and their kin. But from this centre, he pursued his
investigations in every direction as far as his unerring instinct would allow. He was equally fortunate in the harmony that
existed between his intellectual and moral nature. He made cheerfully the heavy sacrifices that science demands from its
disciples, without feeling any of that envy and bitterness which often torment weaker souls; although he lived apart from his
fellow men, he was full of human sympathies, and no man has ever exercised a profounder influence on the destinies of mankind.
His was the very ideal of the noblest type of German character.
The following is a complete list of his separately published works, those which he published in common with his brother
beingmarked with a star. Fora list of his essays in periodicals, etc., see vol. v. of his Kleinere Schriften, from which
the present list is taken. His life is best studied in his own Selbstbiographie, in vol. i. of the Kleinere
Schriften. There is also a brief memoir by K Gdeke in Göttinger Professoren (Gotha (Perthes), 1872).
Works
- Uber den altdeutschen Meistergesang (Göttingen, 1811)
- Kinder und Hausmarchen (Berlin, 1812–1815) (many editions)
- Das Lied von Hildebrand und des Weissenbrunner Gehet (Cassel, 1812)
- Altdeutsche Wälder (Cassel, Frankfort, 1813–1816, 3 vols.)
- Der arme Heinrich von Hartmann von der Aue (Berlin, 1815)
- Irmenstrasse und Irmensäule (Vienna, 1815)
- Die Lieder der alten Edda (Berlin, 1815)
- Silva de romances viejos (Vienna, 1815)
- Deutsche Sagen (Berlin, 1816–1818,
2nd ed., Berlin, 1865–1866)
- Deutsche Grammatik (Göttingen, 1819, 2nd ed., Göttingen, 1822–1840) (reprinted 1870 by
Wilhelm Scherer, Berlin)
- Wuk Stephanowitsch' Kleine serbische Grammatik, verdeutscht mit einer Vorrede (Leipzig and Berlin, 1824)
- Zur Recension der deutschen Grammatik (Cassel, 1826)
- Irische Elfenmarchen, aus dem Englischen (Leipzig, 1826)
- Deutsche Rechisaltertumer (Göttingen, 1828, 2nd ed., 1854)
- Hymnorum veteris ecclesiae XXVI. inter pretatio theodisca (Göttingen, 1830)
- Reinhart Fuchs (Berlin, 1834)
- Deutsche Mythologie (Göttingen, 1835, 3rd ed., 1854, 2 vols.)
- Taciti Germania edidit (Göttingen, 1835)
- Uber meine Entlassung (Basel, 1838)
- (together with Schmeller) Lateinische Gedichte des X. und XI. Jahrhunderts (Göttingen, 1838)
- Sendschreiben an Karl Lachmann dber Reinhart Fuchs (Berlin, 1840)
- Weisti:imer, Th. i. (Göttingen, 1840) (continued, partly by others, in 5
parts, 1840–1869)
- Andreas und Elene (Cassel, 1840)
- Frau Aventure (Berlin, 1842)
- Geschichte der deutschen Sprache (Leipzig, 1848, 3rd ed., 1868, 2 vols.)
- Des Wort des Besitzes (Berlin, 1850)
- Deutsches Worterbuch, Bd. i. (Leipzig, 1854)
- Rede auf Wilhelm Grimm und Rede über das Alter (Berlin, 1868, 3rd ad.,
1865)
- Kleinere Schriften (Berlin, 1864–1870, vols.).
Reference
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