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Humans first colonized Tonga around 1200 years before the common era, as part of the
great Austronesian expansion that spread people from southeastern Asia across the Pacific to the east and across the Indian Ocean to Madagascar and
eastern Africa in the west.
These Polynesian people brought with them dogs, pigs, chickens, pottery,
agriculture (especially root crops), and, obviously, boats. They rapidly spread throughout the Tongan Islands, and in modern
times (but before the arrival of Western navies and missionaries in force) had achieved population densities of 210 to 250 people
per square mile. By the Eighteenth Century, Tonga had unified under tribal
leaders and had forged a maritime empire that included conquered parts of Fiji. By this
time the Tongan Empire had a population of about 40,000. The Tongans dominated their inter-archipelagic realm with war canoes
that carried up to 150 fighters each.
Centuries before Westerners arrived, Tongans created large monumental stoneworks, most notably, the Ha'amonga (or Trilithon)
and the Langi (or Terraced Tombs). The Ha'amonga is 5 meters high and made of three coral-lime stones that weigh more than 40
tons each. The Langi are low, very flat, two or three tier pyramids that mark the graves of former kings.
On January 21, 1643 Abel Tasman was the first European to discover the islands.
After contact with Westerners in the late Eighteenth Century, most Tongans converted to the Wesleyan (Methodist) and Catholic faiths. The
"Friendly Islands" was united into a Polynesian kingdom in 1845. It became a constitutional monarchy in 1875 and a British protectorate on
May 18, 1900. Tonga acquired its independence in
1970 and became a member of the
Commonwealth. It remains the only monarchy in the Pacific, and its current king, Taufa'ahau Tupou IV, traces his line directly back through four generations of monarchs. The king, born
on July 4, 1919, continues to have ultimate control of the government, despite recent
health concerns, financial blunders, and a call for democracy.
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