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The term Hellenistic in the history of the ancient world is used to refer to the shift from a culture
dominated by ethnic Greeks, however scattered geographically, to a culture dominated by
Greek-speakers of whatever ethnicity, and from the political dominance
of the city-state to that of larger monarchies. In this period the traditional Greek culture is changed by strong Eastern, especially Persian, influences.
Modern historians see the death of Alexander the Great in
323 BC as the beginning of the Hellenistic period. Alexander and the Macedonians conquered the eastern Mediterranean, Mesopotamia, and the Iranian plateau, and invaded
India; his successors held on to the territory west of the Tigris for some time and controlled the eastern Mediterranean until the Roman Republic took control in the 2nd and
1st centuries BC. Most of the east was eventually overrun by the
Parthians.
Following Alexander's death, there was a struggle for the succession, known as the wars of the Diadochi (Greek, "successors"). These ended in 281 BC with the
establishment of three large territorial states:
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