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In linguistics, grammatical conjugation is the creation
of derived forms of a verb from the word
root by inflection (regular alteration according to rules of grammar). Conjugation may be affected by person, number, gender, tense, mood, voice, grammatical aspect, or other language-specific factors. When a verb is used to function as the action
done by a subject, the verb must be conjugated in most languages. Usually a mostly unconjugated form also exists, called the
infinitive. A table giving all the conjugated variants of a verb in a grammar
of some language is called a conjugation table.
A second use of the term is the grouping of all the verbs that are conjugated similarly in a particular language into
conjugations. This is the sense in which teachers say that Latin has
four conjugations of verbs. This catagorisation tells us that we can conjugate any regular Latin verb to any person, number,
tense, mood, and voice if we know which conjugation group it belongs to and some key forms called principal
parts. (Latin does not conjugate for gender or aspect.)
Examples of conjugation
Conjugation is very extensive in most Indo-European languages. Here is
a sample conjugation of the English verb to be and its
Latin, French, German, Spanish, and Swedish equivalents—esse, être, sein, ser, and vara,
respectively. Notice the similarities between English, German, and Swedish on the one hand and French, Spanish and Latin on the
other; notice also that, where the infinitive is concerned, only English and Swedish are very much divergent from the rest of the
major European languages, all of which lends important clues as to the philology
of English.
To be in several Indo-European languages. Except for the infinitive, which is in the present active form, all
the verbs listed are in the present indicative active. The appropriate pronoun is
included in most of the examples.
| Form / Person |
English |
Latin |
French |
German |
Spanish |
Swedish |
| infinitive |
to be |
esse |
être |
sein |
ser |
vara |
| 1st singular |
I am |
(ego) sum |
je suis |
ich bin |
yo soy |
jag är |
| 2nd singular |
you are |
(tu) es |
tu es |
du bist |
tu eres |
du är |
| 3rd singular |
he, she, or it is |
(is/ea/id) est |
il / elle est |
er / sie / es ist |
el / ella / usted es |
han / hon / den är |
| 1st plural |
we are |
(nos) sumus |
nous sommes |
wir sind |
nosotros(as) somos |
vi är |
| 2nd plural |
you are |
(vos) estis |
vous êtes |
ihr seid |
vosotros(as) seís |
ni är |
| 3rd plural |
they are |
(ei/eae/ea) sunt |
ils / elles sont |
sie sind |
ellos(as) / ustedes son |
de är |
Related topics
The grammatical conjugation of an irregular verb forms a model for a
genre of joke called the self-serving conjugation. This satirizes the fashion in
which violations of the Categorical Imperative may be
cloaked in verbal obfuscation. For example: I delegate effectively, you play politics, he is in violation of his
service-level agreement.
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