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Daniel Toroitich arap Moi (born September 2, 1924) was the President of Kenya from 1978 until 2002.
Born in Sacho, Baringo district, Rift Valley
province, Daniel arap Moi was raised by his mother Kimoi Chebii following the early death of his father. After completing his
secondary education, he attended the Teacher Training College in Kapsabet. He worked as a teacher from 1946 until 1955.
Moi entered politics in 1955, when he was elected Member of the Legislative Council for
Rift Valley. Together with Ronald
Ngala, he founded the Kenya African Democratic Union (KADU) in 1960, to challenge the
Kenya African National Union (KANU) led by Mzee Jomo Kenyatta. KADU's aim was to defend the interests of the small minority tribes, such as the Kalenjin to which Moi belonged, against the dominance of the big Luo and Kikuyu tribes that comprised the majority of KANU's membership
(Kenyatta himself being a Kikuyu). KADU pressed for a federal constitution, while KANU was in favour of centralism. The advantage
lay with the numerically stronger KANU, and the British government was finally forced to remove all provisions of a federal
nature from the constitution.
Re-elected Member of the Legislative Council for Rift Valley in 1957, and then as MP for
Baringo North in 1961, Moi became Minister of Education in the pre-independence government
of 1960 - 1961.
After Kenya's independence on December 12, 1963, convinced by Kenyatta of the necessity to unite forces in order to complete the decolonisation process, Moi
agreed to merge KADU with KANU. Thus Kenya became a de facto one-party state, dominated by the Kikuyu - Luo alliance. Kenyatta
thanked Moi by promoting him, first to Minister for Home Affairs in 1964, and then to
vice-president in 1967.
Having thus become Kenyatta's right-hand man, Moi smoothly stepped into his place when "the Father of Independence" died on
August 22, 1978. Initially he was popular,
but Kikuyu resentment against his elevation and economic recession gradually sapped his regime's perceived legitimacy. After a
failed coup attempt by a group of Air Force officers on August 1, 1982, Moi changed the constitution to establish a de jure one-party state, and resorted to
strong-arm rule, imprisonment without trial and torture. This led the United States to withhold aid in the late 1980s, whereupon he was forced to restore a multiparty system in December 1991. Moi won elections in 1992 and 1997, but many people were killed in events related to each, and Moi was widely suspected of exploiting ethnic
tensions in these contests.
Over the years, Moi's regime became increasingly corrupt. Political violence damaged the tourism industry, and reform
programmes imposed by the IMF and the World
Bank did not succeed in lifting the country out of the economic quagmire.
Constitutionally barred from running in the 2002 presidential elections, Moi
unsuccessfully promoted Uhuru Kenyatta, the son of Kenya's first
President, as his successor. In what probably were the country's first free and fair elections, a rainbow coalition of opposition
parties routed the ruling KANU party, and its leader, Mwai Kibaki, was elected President by a large majority which was confirmed on December 29, 2002.
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