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Cyrus the Younger, son of Darius II and Parysatis, was a Persian prince and general.
The time of his birth is unknown, but he died in 401 BC.
He was born after the accession of his father in 424 BC. When, after the victories
of Alcibiades, Darius II decided to continue the war against Athens and give strong support to the Spartans, he
sent in 408 the young prince into Asia Minor, as satrap of Lydia and Phrygia
Major with Cappadocia, and commander of the Persian troops, "which gather into
the field of Castolos", i.e. of the army of the district of Asia Minor.
He gave strenuous support to the Spartans; evidently he had already then formed the design, in which he was supported by his
mother, of gaining the throne for himself after the death of his father; he pretended to have stronger claims to it than his
elder brother Artaxerxes, who was not born in the purple. For this plan he hoped to gain the assistance of Sparta. In the Spartan
general Lysander he found a man who was willing to help him, as Lysander himself
hoped to become absolute ruler of Greece by the aid of the Persian prince. So Cyrus put all his means at the disposal of Lysander
in the Peloponnesian War, but denied them to his successor
Callicratidas; by exerting his
influence in Sparta, he brought it about that after the battle of
Arginusae Lysander was sent out a second time as the real commander (though under a nominal chief) of the Spartan fleet in
405.
At the same time Darius fell ill and called his son to his deathbed; Cyrus handed over all his treasures to Lysander and went
to Susa. After the accession of Artaxerxes II in 404, Tissaphernes denounced the plans
of Cyrus against his brother; but by the intercession. of Parysatis he was pardoned and sent back to his satrapy.
Meanwhile Lysander had won the battle of Aegospotami
and Sparta was supreme in the Greek world. Cyrus managed very cleverly to gather a large army by beginning a quarrel with
Tissaphernes, satrap of Caria, about the Ionian
towns; he also pretended to prepare an expedition against the Pisidians, a mountainous tribe in the Taurus, which was
never obedient to the Empire.
Although the dominant position of Lysander had been broken in 403 by King Pausanias, the Spartan government gave him all the support which was possible without going into open
war against the king; it caused a partisan of Lysander, Clearchus, condemned to
death on account of atrocious crimes which he had committed as governor of Byzantium, to gather an army of mercenaries on the Thracian
Chersonesus, and in Thessaly Menon of Pharsalus, head of a party which was
connected with Sparta, collected another army.
In the spring of 401 Cyrus united all his forces and advanced from Sardis, without
announcing the object of his expedition. By dexterous management and large promises he overcame the scruples of the Greek troops
against the length and danger of the war; a Spartan fleet of thirty-five triremes
sent to Cilicia opened the passes of the Amanus into Syria and conveyed to him a Spartan detachment of 700 men under Cheirisophus.
The king had only been warned at the last moment by Tissaphernes and gathered an army in all haste; Cyrus advanced into
Babylonia, before he met with an enemy. Here ensued, in October 401, the battle of Cunaxa. Cyrus had 10,400 Greek hoplites and 2500 peltasts, and besides an Asiatic army under the
command of Ariaeus, for which Xenophon gives the absurd number of 100,000 men; the
army of Artaxerxes he puts down at 900,000. In reality the army of Cyrus may at the very utmost have consisted of 30,000, that of
Artaxerxes of 40,000 men.
Cyrus saw that the decision depended on the fate of the king; he therefore wanted Clearchus, the commander of the Greeks, to
take the centre against Artaxerxes. But Clearchus, a tactician of the old school, disobeyed. The left wing of the Persians under
Tissaphernes avoided a serious conflict with the Greeks; Cyrus in the centre threw himself upon Artaxerxes, but was slain in a
desperate struggle. Afterwards Artaxerxes pretended to have killed the rebel himself, with the result that Parysatis took cruel
vengeance upon the slayer of her favourite son. The Persian troops dared not attack the Greeks, but decoyed them into the
interior, beyond the Tigris, and tried to annihilate them by treachery. But after their
commanders had been taken prisoners the Greeks forced their way to the Black Sea.
By this achievement they had demonstrated the internal weakness of the Persian empire and the absolute superiority of the Greek
arms.
The history of Cyrus and of the retreat of the Greeks is told by Xenophon in his Anabasis (where he tries to veil the
actual participation of the Spartans). Another account, probably from Sophaenetus of
Stymphalus, was used by Ephorus, and is preserved in Diodor. xiv. 19 if. Further
information is contained in the excerpts from Ctesias by Photius; cf. also Plutarch’s life of Artaxerxes.
The character of Cyrus is highly praised by the ancients, especially by Xenophon (cf. also his Occonomics, c. iv.);
and certainly he was much superior to his weak brother in energy and as a general and statesman. If he had ascended the throne he
might have regenerated the empire for a while, whereas it utterly decayed under the rule of Artaxerxes II.
This entry was originally from the 1911
Encyclopedia Britannica.
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