- For the movie, see Conspiracy Theory
(movie)
A conspiracy theory is the belief that historical or current events are the result of manipulations by one or
more secretive powers or conspiracies. A conspiracy theory alleges that some
particular event -- such as an assassination, a revolution, or even the failure of a product -- resulted not solely from the visible
action of overt political or market forces, but rather from covert manipulation.
Because conspiracy theories rely on allegations of covert action, they are frequently difficult to support with evidence. For
this reason, the expression conspiracy theory can be used pejoratively to refer to allegations that the speaker
considers unproven, unlikely, or false.
Conspiracy and conspiracy theory
The word conspiracy comes from the Latin "conspirare," ("to breathe together"), and in contemporary usage it is a situation
where two or more people agree to perform an illegal or immoral act. The essential components are the involvement of at least two
people, secrecy and malicious intent. The actual existence of countless thousands of such conspiracies is well known and includes
organized crime and gangs as well as cartels in restraint of trade, organized political bribery, and so forth. At any given time,
hundreds or thousands of conspiracies are afoot. Such conspiracies are crimes in most
nations, and one can be prosecuted on the basis of conspiring to commit an illegal act or being part of a network that was
engaged in doing so. For a discussion of this sort of conspiracy, see the article conspiracy. (Note: The term "conspiracy theory" is thus sometimes also used refer to sociological attempts to study the phenomenon of conspiracy)
While the term conspiracy theory could refer to any theory positing the existence of a conspiracy (but as yet
unproven), it can be used by people as a disparaging rhetorical device to refer to ideas that, in their opinion, are:
- Unproven theories that are generally considered false
- Impossible to prove true, or to falsify
- Paranoid or baseless
Historians generally use the term conspiracy to refer to a conspiracy that is considered to be real, proven, or at
least seriously plausible and with some element of support.
The waters are muddied by the fact that powerful groups or individuals may have an interest in trying to discredit those who
accuse them of real or imagined crimes. The label of "conspiracy theory" has been used to mock or denigrate social and political
dissent, for instance when a powerful public figure is accused of corruption.
The term conspiracists can be used disparagingly to refer to a person who is likely to believe in a conspiracy;
psychologists note that a person who believes in one conspiracy theory can be a believer in other conspiracy theories as
well.
Ridicule, and even the diagnosis of schizophrenia has been used as a means of silencing political dissent, for example in the
Soviet Union (see anti-psychiatry).
In justifying the classification of a theory as a conspiracy theory, detractors tend to level accusations that the theory
is:
- Not backed up by sufficient evidence.
- Phrased in such a way as to be unfalsifiable.
- Improbably complex.
Defenders point out in response that:
- Those powerful people involved in the conspiracy hide, destroy, or obfuscate evidence.
- Skeptics/apologists are not (in their opinion) prepared to keep an open mind.
- Skeptics/apologists may be politically motivated and have a vested interest in the status quo.
Falsifiability
Karl Popper claimed that science is essentially defined as a set of falsifiable
theories; theories and claims which are not falsifiable are thus not science. Critics of conspiracy theories sometimes argue that
many of them are not falsifiable and so cannot be scientific. This accusation is often accurate, and is a necessary consequence
of the logical structure of certain kinds of conspiracy theories. These take the form of uncircumscribed existential statements, alleging the existence
of some action or object without specifying the place or time at which it can be observed. Failure to observe the
phenomenon can then always be the result of looking in the wrong place or looking at the wrong time -- that is, having been duped
by the conspiracy. This makes impossible any demonstration that the conspiracy does not exist. Establishing a negative is
philosophically problematic, though perhaps especially so in this context. Falsificationists might also claim that this makes
such theories unscientific.
For example, consider how one would prove the widely believed UFO conspiracy theory (in which aliens are said to have visited Earth, followed by the official
denials (perhaps chiefly because the US Government, or others, is hiding the evidence) that any such thing has happened. Since
the theory does not specify when or where or how the visits or the conspiracy occurred, it is not possible to show it to be
false. Even if, for example, we were given the run of the Pentagon (or some
other government's) archives, the possibility always exists that there is an archive somewhere else detailing the conspiracy, to
which we do not have access.
Jerry Bowyer, referring to
allegations that the 2003 War in Iraq was the result of George W. Bush doing the bidding of oil
companies, said that "I like this conspiracy theory better than the rest because it is one of the few that actually permits
empirical disconfirmation". He considered that the declining share prices of oil companies was empirical evidence against this
theory. [1] (In opposition to this, one
may point out that subsequent looting of Iraq's oil fields by major American oil companies would be empirical evidence supporting
the theory, though there are those who observe that this has not, or will not have, happened.)
In response to this objection to conspiracy theory, some argue that no political or historical theory can be
scientific by Popper's criteria because none reliably generate testable predictions. In fact, Popper himself rejected the claims
of Marxism and psychoanalysis to scientific status on precisely this basis. (Most scientists today dispute the idea that
Marxism is science at all; similarly, most neurobiologists and many psychiatrists now agree that classic forms of psychoanalysis
have no scientific basis.) This does not necessarily mean that conspiracy theory, Marxism, and psychoanalysis are baseless,
irrational, or false; only that they are not science by Popper's criteria. Such arguments have raised a debate on whether
Popper's criteria should be applied in the social sciences as strictly as in natural sciences. Popper's criteria have been
criticised for slowing down scientific progress due to their restrictiveness. A debate between Popper and his former student
Paul Feyerabend became quite famous.
Some people distinguish between falsifiable accusations of conspiracy and unfalsifiable conspiracy theories,
though, in light of the above, it is not clear that this distinction is justified.
Subjects of conspiracy theory
Assassinations
Assassinations are a classic subject of conspiracy theories. The assassination of a prominent figure is a singular event which
can dramatically change the course of public affairs. Those drawn to conspiracy theory are led to ask, in the aftermath of an
assassination, Who benefited from this death? Though some assassinations are committed by lone individuals, and many
others by aboveboard governments (such as that of Leon Trotsky), and other
assassinations are committed as the result of a provable conspiracy, there have been several assassinations whose purposes and
evidence remain mysterious in the public eye -- and suspicious to most persons.
Best-known among assassination conspiracy theories in the United States are those dealing with a rash of seemingly politically
motivated deaths in the 1960s, notably those of U.S. President John F. Kennedy, Senator Robert F. Kennedy, and civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr.
Investigations and scientific testing and recreations into the circumstances of John F. Kennedy's death have not settled the
question of who killed him. Looking at the three most recent 2003 polls directly implies this. An "ABC tv news" poll reflected
that just 32 percent (plus or minus 3 percent) of Americans believe that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in the assassination of John F. Kennedy, while 68 percent do not believe
Oswald acted alone. [2] The "Discovery Channel" poll reveals
that only 21% believe Oswald acted alone, while 79% do not believe Oswald acted alone.
[3]
The "History Channel" poll details that only 17% of individuals believe that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in the assassination
of John F. Kennedy, while 83 percent do not believe Oswald acted alone. [4]
Similar theories have risen around the assassination of Beatle John Lennon and the attempted assassination of U.S. President Ronald Reagan.
Blood Libel
One of the world's most persistent and longstanding conspiracy theories claims that clandestine religious groups, (which may
or may not actually exist in reality) carry out human sacrifice, usually of children. Such accusations are often levelled against
those believed to be plotting against accepted religious and social norms. Notable groups accused of this include Jews, (with
whom the term is usually associated), Christians of various denominations, witches and most recently Satanic groups. In the
United States of America, during the 1980s there was an upsurge in the old belief of Satanic ritual abuse. Hundreds of thousands of Protestant Christians became convinced that America was
filled with child-sacrificing Satanists. Church sermons, newsletters and websites, and soon letters to newspapers and magazines,
were filled with grotesque claims of tens of thousands of American children being kidnapped and murdered by supposed Satanists.
These ideas soon made their way into the mainstream American media, where they initially were reported uncritically. This led to
a wave of arrests against hundreds of innocent American citizens, whose neighbors suddenly began accusing them of kidnapping,
child abuse or murder. Hundreds of these people were accused of being witches or satanists, and incredibly, they were convicted
by a jury. Only in the mid 1990s did the wave of witch hunts subside; since then the reports of tens of thousands of missing
children have been proven totally false; there was no massive increase in kidnapping, abuse or murder. Most of the convicted
"witches" or "satanists" have since been released from jail. The entire phenomenon is now considered by historians and
psychologists to be an episode of mass delusion, and witch hunts, augmented by the pseudo-scientific "repressed memory syndrome"
idea, which has also now been discredited.
See Blood Libel for more
details.
Secret societies and fraternities
Secret societies and fraternal societies have aroused nervousness from some non-members since at least the time of the ancient
Greeks. A secret society is a club or organization whose members do not
disclose their membership, and may be sworn to hold it secret. However, the term is also used in conspiracy theory to refer to
fraternal organizations such as the Freemasons or the Skull and
Bones who do not conceal membership, but are thought to harbor secret beliefs or political agendas.
Conspiracy theory about the Freemasons goes back at least to the late 18th century. The Masons were accused of plotting the
American and French Revolutions, the downfall of religion, and of dominating republican politics. In fact, the historian Georges Lefebvre, generally
considered an authoritative source on the subject, concedes that the Masons had a role in organizing the revolution in the city,
but says it is unclear how important their role was. Worry about Masonic conspiracy grew to such an extent in the early United
States as to spawn a political party, the Anti-Masonic Party. The Bavarian Illuminati, a German secret society related to Masonry, also figures into conspiracy theories of that time.
Rosicrucianism and the Priory of Sion are popular topics of conspiracists.
All the Catholic Popes in the last three centuries are subjects of conspiracy theories. Some people believe that Freemasonry
was condemned by the Church primarily because of its view that all religions are equal; this view was diametrically opposed to
the Catholic belief that it is the only true religion. Since many Catholics and some Protestants now agree with the Masonic
principles condemned by the Church, new theories about the Masons have emerged, such as that they are devil worshipers. Others
hold that these theories about the origins of Masonic conspiracies theories are themselves conspiracy theories.
Some Rastafarians who take their beliefs to an extreme maintain that
a white racist patriarchy ("Babylon") controls the world in order to oppress the black race. They believe that Emperor Haile Selassie of Ethiopia did
not die when it was reported in 1975, and that the racist, white media (again, "Babylon")
propagated that rumour in order to squash Rastafarianism and its message of overthrowing Babylon. Other Rastafarians, however,
believe in peace and unity, and interpret Babylon as a metaphor for the established "system" that oppresses (or "downpresses", in
Rasta terminology) minority groups such as blacks and the poor.
College fraternities such as Yale's Skull and Bones society are also popular
suspects among conspiracists. Many men form lifelong friendships with their fraternity "brothers" which some believe often
carries on into the political and business world.
Suppressed technologies
Suppressed inventions take conspiracy theory into the realm of business rather than politics. A typical suppressed-invention
story is that of the incredibly efficient automobile carburetor, whose inventor was supposedly killed or hounded into obscurity
by petroleum companies desirous to protect their business from an engine that would make their product obsolete.
The subject of suppressed-invention conspiracy also touches on the realm of medical quackery: proponents of more unlikely
forms of alternative medicine are known to allege
conspiracy by mainstream doctors to suppress their cures, particularly when faced with charges of medical fraud. Such
conspiracies are often said to include government regulators. to the extent that a legal decision may be relevant, the experience
of Durk Pearson and Sandy Shaw, who advocate the extensive use of
supplements and drugs for life extension, contrary to FDA recommendations, may shed some light. They won a court case arguing that the FDA was preventing
them from making medical assertions that were, in fact, well-supported.
Some medical conspiracy theorists argue that the medical community could actually cure supposedly "incurable" diseases such as Cancer and AIDS if it really wanted to, but instead prefers to suppress the cures as a way of extorting more funding from
the government and donors.
In 1924 there was the european PHOEBUS
cartell, that guaranteed for electric light bulbs would burn out after 750 hours, though more is feasible and desirable for
consumers in this billion dollar market. The ELSBETT diesel engine running on plant
oil had to put up against unfair competition practices as well.
There are also some theories around the research that Nicola Tesla was
working with related HAARP.
Anti-Semitic belief systems
Antisemitism has spawned innumerable conspiracy theories. Almost all of
the anti-semitic conspiracy theories and indeed anti-semitism itself are tied to the practice of charging interest on loans
(usury). It is claimed that since the Old Testament seems to ban interest on loans only to one's brothers, the Jews have
historically made loans and charged interest to non-Jews, increasing their money and power. This is by far the most widespread
conspiracy theory, found everywhere from the Protocols of the Learned Elders of Zion, to Nazi ideology, to mainline Catholic thought
during the beginning of the 20th century (see Fr. Denis Fahey). It also plays a prominent role in current antisemitic thought in
Arab nations and Russia.
Extraterrestrials
A sector of conspiracy theory with a particularly detailed mythology has become the basis for numerous pieces of popular
entertainment: the Area 51/Grey Aliens conspiracy, and allegations surrounding the
Dulce Base. Simply put, this is the allegation that the United States government conspires with extraterrestrials
involved in the abduction and manipulation of citizens. A variant
tells that particular technologies -- notably the transistor -- were given to
American industry in exchange for alien dominance. The enforcers of the clandestine association of human leaders and aliens are
the Men in Black, who silence those who speak out on UFO sightings. This conspiracy theory has been the
basis of numerous books, as well as the popular television show The
X-Files and the movies Men in Black
and Men in Black II.
The X-Files based the plots of many of its episodes around urban legends and conspiracy theories, and had a framing
plot which postulated a set of interlocking conspiracies controlling all recent human history.
A possible ET link to the crop circle phenomenon has been speculated
upon.
Espionage agencies
Many governments use intelligence agencies to promote
national policies in secretive ways -- in several cases including the use of sabotage, propaganda, and assassination.
Intelligence agencies, such as the CIA,
KGB, MI6, and Mossad, are a common element of political conspiracy theories precisely because they are known to participate in
some activities similar to those described in conspiracy theories.
War
The motivations for nations starting, entering, or ending wars is often suspect. As with assassinations, the question that is
often asked by conspiracists when a war breaks out is "who directly benefits?"
For decades, a common answer has been "munitions suppliers" -- as argued by, e.g., Maj. Gen. Smedley Butler in the 1935
jeremiad "War is a Racket". [5] According to this view, there is always a
party within the nation which would benefit from going to war, on whatever pretext: the sellers of weapons and other military
materiel. President Dwight Eisenhower referred to this source of
potential conflict of interest as the military-industrial complex.
Related is the allegation that certain wars which are claimed by politicians to be in the national interest, or for
humanitarian purposes, are in fact motivated by the conquest and control of natural resources for commercial interest. In 1898's Spanish-American War, the explosion of the USS Maine prompted the US annexation of Puerto Rico, The Philippines, and Guam. Opponents of the war, such as Mark Twain and Andrew Carnegie, claimed that
it was being fought for imperialist motives.
In recent times, wars in the Middle East such as the Gulf War and the invasion of
Iraq have been described as wars for oil. During the 20th century the United
States has also often been accused of plotting foreign coups
d'état for commercial interest, as in the 1954 overthrow of Guatemalan
president Jacobo Arbenz Guzman.
Any of the other frequently-alleged conspiratorial groups described above; secret societies, "The Jews", etc, have also been
alleged as the mastermind behind wars.
Surveillance technologies
Particular technologies of surveillance and control arouse concern that has bordered upon, or crossed over into, conspiracy
theory. These are technologies being developed by governments which are intended to intrude into the privacy or harm the persons
of citizens, particularly dissenters. Conspiracy theories of this sort cast government agencies as pursuing vast technical powers
in order to spy on people, control their minds, or otherwise suppress an alienated populace. Conspiracy theories of this sort
include many about mind control.
Technology & Population Control
Unusual technical projects such as HAARP and phenomenon such as Chem Trails are in this category.
Diseases and epidemics
There are conspiracy theories based on the notion that AIDS was a man-made disease (i.e.
created by scientists in a laboratory). Some of these theories allege that HIV was created by
a conspiratorial group or by a secret agency as a tool of genocide. Other theories
suggest that the virus escaped into the population at large by accident, or may have been deliberately unleashed as a means of
population control or as an experiment in biological and/or psychological warfare. See: AIDS conspiracy theories.
Some who believe that HIV was a government creation see a precedent for it in the Tuskegee syphilis study, in which government-funded researchers deceptively denied treatment
to black patients infected with a sexually transmitted disease.
Apocalyptic prophecies
Apocalyptic prophecies, particularly Christian apocalyptic and eschatalogical
claims about the end times, the Last Judgment, and the end of the world have
inspired a range of conspiracy theories. Many of these deal with the Antichrist, the foremost figure of worldly evil
from the Book of Revelation. The Antichrist, also known as the Beast 666, is supposed to be a leader who will create a world empire and oppress Christians (and, in
some readings, Jews as well). In apocalyptic conspiracy theory, some person from current events is alleged to be the Antichrist,
and some organisation (such as the Catholic Church or the United Nations) is alleged to be the Antichrist's world organization of
evil.
Countless historical figures have been called "Antichrist" in their times, from the Roman emperor Nero to Ronald Reagan. At times, apocalyptic speculation has
mixed with anti-Catholicism to yield the interpretation that the reigning Pope
is the Biblical Antichrist. A more recent conspiratorial interpretation sees the Antichrist as a world leader involved with the
United Nations, who will create a one world government [sic] and establish a single monetary system. The latter is
identified with the Mark of the Beast, which the Bible states
that people in the end times will need in order to conduct trade.
Two nations often involved in apocalyptic conspiracy theories are Israel and
Iraq. The former is the location of both the Temple Mount and Armageddon (Megiddo), places seen as
important in prophecy. The latter is the ancient location of Babylon, which also
figures in Revelation. During the Gulf War, some suggested that Saddam Hussein had ordered the excavation and repopulation of the city of
Babylon, thus casting Saddam as an Antichrist figure. Other interpretations have held that "Babylon" in Revelation refers to another mighty
nation, such as the Roman Empire, or more recently the Soviet Union or the United States of America.
Conspiracy theory and urban legends
The nexus between conspiracy theory and the urban legend is
considerable: one need only consult American supermarket tabloids such as the Weekly World News to see foremost examples of both. Many urban legends, particularly those which
touch on governments and businesses, have some but not all of the attributes of conspiracy theory.
For instance, during the 1980s the story that the Procter and
Gamble company was affiliated with Satanism was a common urban legend in some
circles. Is this tale, too, a conspiracy theory? It does allege secretive and presumably harmful action (support of Satanism) on
the part of a group (Procter & Gamble, or its leadership). However, it does not have the expansiveness or attempt at
explanation of historical events which earmark a conspiracy theory. It is too simple.
Conspiracy theory in fiction
Warning: Plot details
follow.
Particularly since the 1960s, conspiracy theory has been a popular subject of fiction. A common theme in such works is that
characters discovering a secretive conspiracy may be unable to tell what is true about the conspiracy, or even what is real:
rumors, lies, propaganda, and counter-propaganda build upon one another until what is conspiracy and what is coincidence becomes
an unmanageable question.
One of the more literarily-acclaimed novels that draws on conspiracy themes is Umberto Eco's Foucault's Pendulum, in which the staff of a publishing firm intending to create a series
of popular occult books invent their own occult conspiracy, over which they lose control as it begins to be believed. Another is
Thomas Pynchon's The Crying of Lot 49, whose background includes a secretive conflict between cartels dating back
to the Middle Ages.
Illuminatus!, a trilogy by Robert Shea and Robert Anton Wilson, is regarded by many as the definitive work of 20th-century conspiracy fiction. Set
in the late '60s, it is a psychedelic tale which fuses mystery, science fiction, horror, and comedy in its exhibition (and
mourning, and mocking) of one of the more paranoid periods of recent history. The popular, humorous trading card game Illuminati New World Order is based in part on Shea and Wilson's fantasy.
Other authors who have dealt with conspiracy themes include Philip K.
Dick and Robert Ludlum. Some might also categorize several of the
Cthulhu Mythos stories of H. P. Lovecraft and others as conspiracy-related, though they might be more closely described as occult
horror.
Oliver Stone's Academy Award-winning 1991 film JFK -- based on books by New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison and conspiracy author Jim
Marrs -- suggests that President John F. Kennedy was not killed by Lee Harvey Oswald acting alone, but rather by a group opposed to Kennedy's policies, especially his
supposed reluctance to invade Cuba to overthrow Fidel Castro, and Kennedy's purported eagerness to withdraw American armed forces from the Vietnam War. Members of the CIA, the Military-Industrial Complex, and President Lyndon Baines Johnson are implicated as responsible for Kennedy's assassination. Stone has stated
that JFK was intended as a Fable to counter the Warren Commission's conclusions, with which Stone disagreed.
The 1997 movie Wag
the Dog involves a pre-election attempt in the US by a spin doctor and a Hollywood producer who join
forces to fabricate a war in a Balkan state in order to cover-up a presidential sex
scandal. Interestingly, it was made before the Clinton / Lewinski
scandal and the US led Kosovo intervention.
The video games Metal Gear Solid and Metal Gear Solid 2
also contain a shadowy group known as "The Patriots" who manipulate politics in America. There are also references to
numerous conspiracies in the game. The computer game Deus Ex is also filled with
various references to conspiracies like the Illuminati, Majestic 12 and Knights
Templar.
Real life imitates conspiracy theory
A number of actual government organizations or plans have been described as resembling the stuff of particularly paranoid
conspiracy theories. Nonetheless, these are fully acknowledged by their respective governments, or by a broad consensus of
mainstream experts, as being, or having been, real:
- The United States Department of Defense Information Awareness Office (IAO) has many similarities to conspiracy theories.
First, its avowed purpose is to gather and correlate information on ordinary citizens for the purpose of predicting terrorism and
other crime. Second, its logo depicts the eye in the pyramid, a symbol associated with Illuminati and Masonic representations of
power or divinity, casting a beam over the globe of the Earth. Lastly, the name "Iao" is a Gnostic word for God, used in the
Golden Dawn and Thelema among
others. [6]
- From the 1950s to the 1970s, the CIA and
the U.S. Army operated a research program into mind control, codenamed
MKULTRA. In this program, CIA agents gave LSD and other drugs to unwitting and unconsenting victims, in an effort to devise a working "truth serum" and/or
mind-control drug. MKULTRA was uncovered by Presidential and Congressional research committees in 1975, and discontinued at that
time. Many prominent writers and drug figures were first exposed to LSD under this program, including Ken Kesey of the Merry Pranksters, Timothy Leary, Allen
Ginsberg, and Baba Ram Dass (Richard Alpert). A source on this is the book
"Acid Dreams" by Bruce Shalin and
Martin A. Lee.
- ECHELON is a communications interception network operated by the
United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. It is designed to capture telephone calls, fax and e-mail messages. New Zealand has openly admitted the existence of Echelon, and the European Union commissioned a report on the system.
- In the 2003 Iraq War, Iraqi resistance was strong at first and then
collapsed suddenly. A conspiracy theory emerged in Iraq and elsewhere that there had been a "safqah"
صفقة (Arabic for: a deal) - a secret deal - between the US and the Iraqi military elite, wherein
the elite were bribed to stand down. This conspiracy theory was ignored or ridiculed in the US media.
In late May, 2003, General Tommy Franks, who had been the head of the US forces in the conflict, confirmed in an interview with
Defense News that the US government had paid off high-level Iraqi military officials and that they had stated that "I am working
for you now". How important this was to the course of the conflict was not entirely clear at the time of this writing (May 24,
2003).
- Operation Northwoods, a CIA plot to
commit acts of apparent terrorism and blame them on Cuba to encourage support for a war, was long considered to be nothing but a conspiracy theory -- until the project's
documents were declassified and published.
- The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro
Male. For a period of 50 years, the US Government used some members of the black population of a town in Alabama to observe
the effects of untreated syphilis. The participants were not asked to participate and were not told they were being untreated for
their syphilis.
- The US Federal Reserve lends money to the government at interest.
This scheme had been predicted by conspiracy theories prior to its implementation in 1913. Since the US Government both owns and
controls the Federal Reserve and its operations, this may be merely confusing 'self-dealing'.
The Bible and conspiracy theories
Main article: Bible conspiracy
theories
An entire literature has arisen that concerns conspiracy theories related to the Bible.
List of further conspiracy theories
Main article: List of
alleged conspiracy theories
Another article exists which lists and describes a vast array of conspiracy articles, including a series of global conspiracy
theories, conspiracy theories peculiar to the United States of America, conspiracy theories peculiar to Canada, and conspiracy
theories peculiar to the Arab and Muslim world. This includes a discussion of Zionist conspiracy theories regarding the
September 11th 2001 Terrorist Attacks.
Related articles
Elements of conspiracy theories
AIDS and HIV | Alternative 3 | Anti-Christian calendar theory | Atlantis | Council on
Foreign Relations | Elvis sightings | Fnord | Freemasonry | Government Warehouses | Holocaust revisionism | Illuminati | Jesuits | Knights Templar | Men in Black |
Majestic 12 | Mysticism | New World
Order | Oil imperialism | Opus Dei | Pseudosciences | Protosciences | Rennes le Château | Round table
groups | UFOs | Unknown Superiors |
Zionist conspiracy: Protocols of the Elders of Zion
Mohandas Gandhi | Pope John Paul I | Petra Kelly | John F. Kennedy | Robert F. Kennedy | Malcolm X | Martin Luther King Jr. | Enrico Mattei | Olof Palme | Salvador Allende
Celebrity deaths
(not assassination)
Elvis Presley | Jim Morrison | Diana,
Princess of Wales | Marilyn Monroe | Bob Marley | Peter Tosh |
John Lennon | Lee Harvey Oswald | Kurt Cobain | Tupac Shakur | Notorious B.I.G.
External links
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